1 Materials and Methods Construction of standardized fish gills and fish ditch: 1.1 Fish grate bricks or bars, slab stones, cement prefabricated panels (curved plates) and other materials shall be installed in 2-2.5m high, and the foundation shall be deeply buried 40- 50cm, 40-50cm above the mud surface. And open 4-6 width 30-40cm, depth 45-65cm, depth should be lower than the bottom of the fish ditch 3-5cm, the channel mouth with the fish ditch, plus activity brick, so that the bottom of the fish ditch 5cm, can Prevent ridges from stagnating fish. The fish ditch is 60-80cm wide and 40-60cm deep. The ditch of shrimp and crab rice fields is 2-3m wide and 1-1.5m deep. 1.2 Location of fish gills and gullies: Fish gills should be built in shaded areas of the fields and fish ditch locations. Crosses or wells can be dug by the size of the plots: rice fields with shrimps and crabs as the main crops, and field blocks. The size is excavated into a circular fish ditch. 1.3 The shape of fish gills and gutters: round, square and semi-circular can be the best. The shape of the fish ditch should be narrow and wide, and the clay should collapse. 1.4 In the bottom of the side of the water outlet on the side of the fish gutter or ring-shaped fish ditch, install a PE hard plastic pipe or galvanized iron pipe with a diameter of 10-30cm to make a 5-10 degree gradient of the horizontal sewage discharge pipe. One end of the pipe sealing is The water in the ditch (ditch) is 1-1.5m long, and a number of small holes are drilled in the pipeline in advance to prevent the fish from fleeing and to discharge the sewage. The pipeline is located at the exit of the field ridge, and the movable elbow is installed. The height of the outlet of the pipeline can be parallel to the highest surface of the paddy field. 1.5 Paddy fields mainly composed of famous fishes, the area and quantity of fish gills: 1-2 mu plots, a fish gill with a diameter of 15-20m can be built: more than 3 mu of paddy fields, more than two fish gills with a diameter of 20m can be built. . 1.6 Jianyugou is a field mud picking and placing: 1 After building the concrete, the earthworm method should be adopted. Tian Mu is used to widen the fields. 2 Take the soil first to widen the field ridge and build the rake method. 3 The fish ditch around the excavation is 0.5-1m away from the field, and the soil is taken from the field. Crosses or Tic-Trench trenches should be used to remove soil and should be dispersed in the fields. 2 DISCUSSION 2.1 Why should the area of ​​standardized rice paddies and fish ditch be raised and the area of ​​famous fish be more than 10% of the best? The fish ditch of shrimp and crab should be greater than or equal to 20% of the paddy area best? First, it is beneficial to farmers in farmland. Achieve "enhanced grain adjustment structure" to get rich and well-off. That is, one mu of paddy field adjusts the area of ​​1-2 points to build fish urn, fish ditch and widening 1-2 points of field ridge, and can also guarantee 300-400 kilograms of rice per mu, plus the dry grain produced in the soil, it can still guarantee 400-450 kilograms of basic rations for farmers. This is the 1-1-8 and 2-2-6 rice, fish, and fruit ecological engineering model proposed by the Sichuan Ziyang District Administration. From theory and practice, rice fields can raise 1 kg of fish or 0.5 kg of shrimp and crab per m3 of water. Per mu of fish gills and fish ditch can increase the storage of about 150-300m3, and lay the foundation for the increase of 150-300 kg of fish or 75-150 kg of shrimp, crab and fish. Each acre of rice fields in the aquaculture industry can increase revenue by 1,000-4,000 yuan and profit by 300-2,000 yuan. Widened ridges can be used to grow high quality fruit trees such as lemon, sorghum, peach, and mulberry. Realize the annual increase of Tianshou 300-500 yuan, profit of about 100-200 yuan. 6-8 points can produce 300-400 kilograms of high-quality rice, that is, reduce one-fifth or two-fifths of the field of rice, only receive 100-200 kilograms of rice, reduce rice production value of 100-200 yuan, profit reduction 40-60 yuan. However, rice and fish, mulberry, etc. added to paddy fields not only exceed the weight of 100-200 kilograms of rice, but at the same time, the profit per acre is 15-20 times smaller than that of 2-4 sub-fields; it also adds quality animal protein and High-quality vitamins and other foods, rice field cultivation or structural adjustment to adjust people's food structure, provide a physical guarantee on the spot. The second is to collect rain, drought and rice, fish and fruit harvest. China's annual rainfall is 50-80% concentrated in May-August, especially in Sichuan 60-80% of rainfall is mainly concentrated in June-August, with 75% of the Summer drought, such as the May drought in May 97 in the Sichuan two rivers watershed Anyue County Cultural Town (above 500 meters above sea level in the mountains, where the rice field built fish occupies an area of ​​more than 10%, depth 1.8m, rice fields are inserted In addition, the rice fields surrounding the undeveloped fishing poles not only cracked mud, but also had water shortages during the month of June. Wuhuan Green, a farmer from Jianhua Township, Anyue County, built a 0.7-point fishing rod in the 7-year-old rice field and produced rice that year. 300 kilograms, 400 kilograms of fish, more than 3,000 yuan in income, more than 1,000 yuan in profit, equivalent to 500 kilograms of per mu rice, 4,500 yuan per mu, and more than 1,500 yuan in profit, no fish field plots around, 300 acres of rice only - 500kg, income is 400 yuan, profit is 150. 2.2 Why is the area of ​​rice fields and fish ponds accounting for 5-6% of the total area of ​​rice fields and it is difficult to harvest drought, keep rice, fish, and fruits? In the fish project, 90% of fish gills account for only 4-6% of the total area of ​​paddy fields and only 0.8-1m deep. During the spring and summer droughts, fish gills and field water evaporate quickly. Seedlings to take water, due to less water within the fish, not only the occurrence of high temperature and oxygen deficiency caused the death of fish, but also the lack of water difficult to maintain rice seedlings planted.According to the 6% of the area of ​​1 mu of land, the fish only increase the storage of water 30-40m3, per mu The fish is generally 30-40 kg, while the 1 mu field fish occupies 10-20% of the field area, can increase the storage of water 100-300m3, more than the former 20-260m3 impounding, the practice proved to be resistant to continuous 20-30 days Although the amount of fish urine accounts for 5-6% of the field area, it is less than 5% of land area, but the amount of field mulching is only 0.5% of the field area. Times, fruit income and profit is still less 100-300%, less fish or shrimp, crab 50-100 kg, less income 1000-4000 yuan, total profit less 250-2000 yuan.From the adjustment of people's food structure and increase the unit area of ​​paddy fields In terms of efficiency, the ratio of fish and fish gutters accounting for 5-6% of the paddy field area is 10-20% of the paddy field area, and the latter is an efficient model for the new growth point of the rice paddy economy. The theoretical basis for the successful fishery and fish ditch project to achieve a virtuous circle of rice paddy ecosystems is: due to the time, space, water, soil, aquatic weeds, and benthic organisms in the paddy field. Microorganisms and nutrients such as N, P and K are inextricably linked to the moving substances such as rice, fish, fruit, vegetables, and weeds.1 In the biota of paddy rice fields, a large amount of weeds in the field does not provide effective The product, on the contrary, competes with rice for nutrients such as N, P, and K. It also occupies space and uses solar energy to reduce fertility loss. Weeds have to be removed 2-3 times a year manually, and large amounts of plankton in the paddy fields Biological organisms, bacterial flocs, duckweed, and other aquatic organisms have been lost as a result of the drainage of rice fields, but have not been intercepted and used by fish.2 Normalized fish gills and fish ditch which account for 10% to 20% of the paddy area can include rice, fish, fruit, and vegetables. The optimal combination of planting and breeding of Heping, Ping, and three-dimensional development will create the best ecosystem. Improve the utilization of resources such as soil, fertilizer, water, light energy, space, and time. 3 do wide ridge rice cultivation. Deep fish gills, fish ditch fish, shrimp and crab are both beneficial to sun drying and water infiltration of rice seedlings on the surface of the car. This helps increase the temperature of the mud and maintain its moistening effect, accelerating the growth of rice and ensuring stable rice production. ,high yield. Ensure basic rations for farmers. 4 Planting high-quality fruit trees or mulberry trees with dwarf planting on field ridges, which cover 10-20% of the area, and planting vegetables or saplings between fruit trees or mulberries. 5 Set up fruit melons above the fish gills or around the fish ditch. The melon fruit branches can play a role in shading and cooling and reduce the evaporation of water in the gutters. 6 Rice, fish, fruit, vegetables, and pods grow in layers, and each has its own living space and functioning place at the same time. Rice and melon fruits can shade and reduce heat, protect the growth of fish, shrimps, crabs, and cilia. Pyrene can benefit from nitrogen storage, which has the benefits of fish farming and fertilization. Fish can breathe loose soil, and fish manure can be used to fertilize fields to promote rice growth. The role (see the figure below). 7 The organic fertilizers deposited at the bottom of fish gills and the fish ditch at the edge of the riverside are cleared and poured onto the fields. They are high quality fertilizers for fruit trees and vegetables, and reduce the production of methane in rice fields and emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. 8 After we constructed a standard fish gill and fish ditch project with a total area of ​​15% of the total land area on 2.5 acres of paddy fields, the test results proved that the optimal combination of rice, fish, fruit, vegetables, and weeds was achieved, and a yield of 6850 yuan was realized. , Mu profit of 2840 yuan (of which fish's profit accounted for 51.4% of total profits) of a new record of high yield and high efficiency. 9 After the paddy fields have been built to standardize the fishery and fish ditch projects with an area of ​​10-20% of the farmland, and stocks of famous and special aquatic products are to be stocked, the economic benefits, and the paddy fields and flatfish cultivation area of ​​plate-type fish farming account for 5-6 of the total land area. Percentage of field plots, annual profit of 5-10 times mu. It is a good model for implementing western development, accelerating the adjustment of agricultural structure, realizing the maintenance of food and fish, fruit and vegetables, and improving farmers' income.
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