Bee venom is a transparent venom with aromatic odor secreted by the worker's venom glands and adnexa. It is stored in the venom sac, and is discharged from the pintle when it is punctured. The bees have caused people to feel pain and discomfort, appear local and systemic reactions, but accidentally cured rheumatism patients, people found that bee venom can cure.
Since ancient times, there have been records of applying bee venom in folk medicine in China and abroad. Since 1957, clinical reports on the use of bee venom have been reported in China. The results of tests conducted by many research institutes and hospitals across the country indicate that bee venom has a good effect on various diseases. Due to the remarkable curative effect of bee venom, it has accumulated rich experience in medical applications of bee venom for a long time. Over the past 40 years, pharmacologists, biochemists and clinical scientists have conducted extensive and in-depth studies on bee venom, especially in recent years, chemical separation methods to study bee venom have made gratifying results, the structure and function of bee venom composition. Corresponding progress has also been made, and the efficacy of bee venom continues to have new discoveries.
China's bee-keeping history has a long history and a large scale. It is one of the world's largest apiculture countries. Vigorously exploiting and using bee venom resources has enormous potential for development, which can increase economic benefits and provide the pharmaceutical industry with abundant natural medicines. It has excellent prospects for development.
1 Physicochemical properties and composition of bee venom
1.1 The physical and chemical properties of bee venom Bee venom is a transparent liquid, with a special aromatic odor, bitter, acidic, quickly evaporated at room temperature to about 35% of the original liquid weight, easily soluble in water, glycerin and acid, insoluble For alcohol. The bee venom solution is unstable and susceptible to deterioration. The composition is destroyed after heating to 100° C. for 15 minutes, and the toxicity is completely lost at 150° C. The alcohol can reduce its activity, and has a strong neutralization effect with alkali. The dried bee venom has strong stability and is heated to 100° C. It will not lose its activity after 10 days, and its low temperature will not reduce its effect.
1.2 The composition of bee venom The chemical composition of bee venom is relatively complex, including peptides, enzymes and non-peptide substances. The main active ingredients are bee venom hemolytic peptides, bee venom neuropeptides, phospholipase A, hyaluronidase, dopamine, and histamine.
2 The medical role of bee venom
2.1 Neurophilic characteristics Bee venom has a significant effect on the nervous system. The whole bee venom and its constituents, melittin, melittin and tolprotin, have significant neurotrophic properties. Neurotrophic toxicity is not only manifested as having a ganglion blocking effect, but bee venom also makes it difficult to conduct nerve impulses through the spinal cord, resulting in prolonged latency of the reflex response. This effect is not only caused by the direct action of bee venom on the spinal nerve center, but also caused by functional impairments in various advanced parts of the nervous system. Bee venom has a hypnotic effect, bee venom has a significant impact on the peripheral and central nervous system electrical activity, emphasizes the neurotoxic activity of bee venom phospholipase and may have a role in breaking the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we believe that the use of bee venom in clinical should pay attention to avoid direct action on the nerve trunk, and prevent high doses of bee venom into the human cardiovascular system to ensure the safety of the patient. In addition, bee venom also has analgesic effect, its analgesic index is lower than morphine, but higher than antipyrine.
2.2 Effects on the blood system Bee venom has a significant effect on the blood system, with anticoagulant effects and hemolysis most prominent. Bee bee venom has anticoagulant effects both in vivo and in vitro, which can significantly prolong blood clotting time; whole bee venom has strong hemolytic activity in vivo and in vitro, and it can produce strong hemolysis at very low concentrations. Therefore, bee venom can be used to effectively prevent thrombus and embolism.
2.3 Effects on Cardiovascular Bee venom has a strong effect on cardiovascular. Injection of bee venom can reduce the arterial pressure of experimental animals. Bee venom has the effect of directly dilating cerebral blood vessels and has a broad spectrum of biological activity on the microcirculation system.
2.4 Anti-inflammatory and immune activity Bee poison has long been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Over the years, people have conducted in-depth studies on the effective components and mechanisms of bee venom anti-inflammatory. Studies have shown that bee venom has significant preventive and therapeutic effects on arthritis in rats caused by the injection of formaldehyde, egg white, and croton oil. Bee venom has an immunosuppressive effect and the active ingredient is a low-molecular compound. This immunosuppressive effect is mainly due to stimulation of the adrenal cortex and increased secretion of corticosteroids.
2.5 Toxicology Scientists have conducted experimental studies on the toxicological effects and symptoms of bee stings and confirmed that bee venom has the greatest effect on mammals. After the bees sting, the bee venom forms a point of action on the most important and vulnerable systems on the one hand, such as nerves, blood systems, etc. On the other hand, it also forces the mammal body to react, allowing it to fight the toxic effects of bee venom. It is beneficial for mammals to mobilize their defense mechanisms in order to overcome the toxic effects of bee venom as soon as possible. Therefore, bee venom has evolved into a natural stimulant that can regulate the specific defense mechanism of the motoneurons during the evolution process. The significant symptom of bee venom toxicity is the full performance of the defense activity. A moderate amount of bee venom stimulation can have a positive effect, but excessive infestation of bee venom can cause poisoning reactions and even endanger life. The severity of human poisoning depends on the amount of bee venom, the injection site, and the individual's sensitivity to bee venom.
3 The collection and processing of bee venom The bee venom is collected by directly stimulating poisoning method, ether anesthetic poisoning method, and electric stimulation poisoning method. The method of direct stimulation and poisoning is the most primitive method of taking poison. It is not suitable for mass production when the bee is killed, the poison is less, and the labor cost is taken; the ether anesthetic poisoning method is more advanced than the former method; Bees, but the obtained bee venom is not pure enough, the amount of ether is not easy to grasp, and sometimes it will have adverse effects on bees and even cause death. After the 1960s, electrical stimulation was commonly used at home and abroad, and it was assisted by electric bee killers. There are many types of electro-taking venom devices, but the basic principles and structures are similar. There are two parts: one is a controller, which generates intermittent currents to stimulate bee detoxification; the other is a poison device, including a grid-like device. Stretch the glass underneath the Nigerian Velvet and Nigerian Velvet. When the bees were parked on the electricity grid, they were stimulated by the intermittent current generated by the controller. The needles penetrated the nylon cloth and detoxified. Most of the poisons were discharged on the glass plate, and a little remained on the nylon cloth. The bee venom soon evaporated into a transparent crystallization. Move the glass plate in a cool place, let the bee venom be naturally dried and then scrape with a knife to be the crude bee venom, place it in a glass bottle and seal it. The bee venom on Nigerian flannel can be rolled up and stored in a plastic bag. The bee venom spermic acid crystal has higher requirements, and can be dechlorinated with chloroform and acetone to remove sugars and acidic substances. After repeated purification, the product is dried and stored for a long time. The purified bee venom is a white powder with a pungent odor.
Since ancient times, there have been records of applying bee venom in folk medicine in China and abroad. Since 1957, clinical reports on the use of bee venom have been reported in China. The results of tests conducted by many research institutes and hospitals across the country indicate that bee venom has a good effect on various diseases. Due to the remarkable curative effect of bee venom, it has accumulated rich experience in medical applications of bee venom for a long time. Over the past 40 years, pharmacologists, biochemists and clinical scientists have conducted extensive and in-depth studies on bee venom, especially in recent years, chemical separation methods to study bee venom have made gratifying results, the structure and function of bee venom composition. Corresponding progress has also been made, and the efficacy of bee venom continues to have new discoveries.
China's bee-keeping history has a long history and a large scale. It is one of the world's largest apiculture countries. Vigorously exploiting and using bee venom resources has enormous potential for development, which can increase economic benefits and provide the pharmaceutical industry with abundant natural medicines. It has excellent prospects for development.
1 Physicochemical properties and composition of bee venom
1.1 The physical and chemical properties of bee venom Bee venom is a transparent liquid, with a special aromatic odor, bitter, acidic, quickly evaporated at room temperature to about 35% of the original liquid weight, easily soluble in water, glycerin and acid, insoluble For alcohol. The bee venom solution is unstable and susceptible to deterioration. The composition is destroyed after heating to 100° C. for 15 minutes, and the toxicity is completely lost at 150° C. The alcohol can reduce its activity, and has a strong neutralization effect with alkali. The dried bee venom has strong stability and is heated to 100° C. It will not lose its activity after 10 days, and its low temperature will not reduce its effect.
1.2 The composition of bee venom The chemical composition of bee venom is relatively complex, including peptides, enzymes and non-peptide substances. The main active ingredients are bee venom hemolytic peptides, bee venom neuropeptides, phospholipase A, hyaluronidase, dopamine, and histamine.
2 The medical role of bee venom
2.1 Neurophilic characteristics Bee venom has a significant effect on the nervous system. The whole bee venom and its constituents, melittin, melittin and tolprotin, have significant neurotrophic properties. Neurotrophic toxicity is not only manifested as having a ganglion blocking effect, but bee venom also makes it difficult to conduct nerve impulses through the spinal cord, resulting in prolonged latency of the reflex response. This effect is not only caused by the direct action of bee venom on the spinal nerve center, but also caused by functional impairments in various advanced parts of the nervous system. Bee venom has a hypnotic effect, bee venom has a significant impact on the peripheral and central nervous system electrical activity, emphasizes the neurotoxic activity of bee venom phospholipase and may have a role in breaking the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we believe that the use of bee venom in clinical should pay attention to avoid direct action on the nerve trunk, and prevent high doses of bee venom into the human cardiovascular system to ensure the safety of the patient. In addition, bee venom also has analgesic effect, its analgesic index is lower than morphine, but higher than antipyrine.
2.2 Effects on the blood system Bee venom has a significant effect on the blood system, with anticoagulant effects and hemolysis most prominent. Bee bee venom has anticoagulant effects both in vivo and in vitro, which can significantly prolong blood clotting time; whole bee venom has strong hemolytic activity in vivo and in vitro, and it can produce strong hemolysis at very low concentrations. Therefore, bee venom can be used to effectively prevent thrombus and embolism.
2.3 Effects on Cardiovascular Bee venom has a strong effect on cardiovascular. Injection of bee venom can reduce the arterial pressure of experimental animals. Bee venom has the effect of directly dilating cerebral blood vessels and has a broad spectrum of biological activity on the microcirculation system.
2.4 Anti-inflammatory and immune activity Bee poison has long been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Over the years, people have conducted in-depth studies on the effective components and mechanisms of bee venom anti-inflammatory. Studies have shown that bee venom has significant preventive and therapeutic effects on arthritis in rats caused by the injection of formaldehyde, egg white, and croton oil. Bee venom has an immunosuppressive effect and the active ingredient is a low-molecular compound. This immunosuppressive effect is mainly due to stimulation of the adrenal cortex and increased secretion of corticosteroids.
2.5 Toxicology Scientists have conducted experimental studies on the toxicological effects and symptoms of bee stings and confirmed that bee venom has the greatest effect on mammals. After the bees sting, the bee venom forms a point of action on the most important and vulnerable systems on the one hand, such as nerves, blood systems, etc. On the other hand, it also forces the mammal body to react, allowing it to fight the toxic effects of bee venom. It is beneficial for mammals to mobilize their defense mechanisms in order to overcome the toxic effects of bee venom as soon as possible. Therefore, bee venom has evolved into a natural stimulant that can regulate the specific defense mechanism of the motoneurons during the evolution process. The significant symptom of bee venom toxicity is the full performance of the defense activity. A moderate amount of bee venom stimulation can have a positive effect, but excessive infestation of bee venom can cause poisoning reactions and even endanger life. The severity of human poisoning depends on the amount of bee venom, the injection site, and the individual's sensitivity to bee venom.
3 The collection and processing of bee venom The bee venom is collected by directly stimulating poisoning method, ether anesthetic poisoning method, and electric stimulation poisoning method. The method of direct stimulation and poisoning is the most primitive method of taking poison. It is not suitable for mass production when the bee is killed, the poison is less, and the labor cost is taken; the ether anesthetic poisoning method is more advanced than the former method; Bees, but the obtained bee venom is not pure enough, the amount of ether is not easy to grasp, and sometimes it will have adverse effects on bees and even cause death. After the 1960s, electrical stimulation was commonly used at home and abroad, and it was assisted by electric bee killers. There are many types of electro-taking venom devices, but the basic principles and structures are similar. There are two parts: one is a controller, which generates intermittent currents to stimulate bee detoxification; the other is a poison device, including a grid-like device. Stretch the glass underneath the Nigerian Velvet and Nigerian Velvet. When the bees were parked on the electricity grid, they were stimulated by the intermittent current generated by the controller. The needles penetrated the nylon cloth and detoxified. Most of the poisons were discharged on the glass plate, and a little remained on the nylon cloth. The bee venom soon evaporated into a transparent crystallization. Move the glass plate in a cool place, let the bee venom be naturally dried and then scrape with a knife to be the crude bee venom, place it in a glass bottle and seal it. The bee venom on Nigerian flannel can be rolled up and stored in a plastic bag. The bee venom spermic acid crystal has higher requirements, and can be dechlorinated with chloroform and acetone to remove sugars and acidic substances. After repeated purification, the product is dried and stored for a long time. The purified bee venom is a white powder with a pungent odor.
Color design and color is more
Germination warm 10 to
30 ℃
While the number of days
10-14
Grow warm 5 to 35 ℃
Is a perennial.Root shallow, not resistant to transplant, should
be broadcast live.Northern spring, general
can blossom in June.Seed
germination is too light, should be appropriate shade, the seedling stage to
keep the soil moist.Germinating
slowly, at 10 to 30 ℃ temperature, two weeks after emergence.Warm
regions as a perennial cultivation, planting site should give sufficient basal,
growing season fertilizer water 1-2 times a month, when the summer drought
attention to irrigation.Sex is
fond of warm and humid climate, sunny and fertile, drainage good sandy loam,
not cold.Verbena
stem stocky prostrate, is a good material, long flowering, in addition to
habitat CaiLiaoChu used in flower beds, flower, also can be potted ornamental,
or large area planted for urban road green belts, big wheel, a slope, etc.
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