How is sweet potato cultivated? Sweet potato has the characteristics of high nutrition and large yield, and is an important raw material for food, feed and industrial processing. With the improvement of living standards, sweet potato has been widely recognized as a nutritious health food. Today, Xiaobian and everyone will learn about the key measures for high-yield and high-efficiency planting of spring sweet potato in the northern region.
1 Cultivate strong seedlings
Seedling cultivation is the primary link in the production of sweet potato. The quality of potato seedlings has a great relationship with yield. Cultivation of strong seedlings is the basis of high-yield cultivation.
1.1 Selected seed potatoes. According to the local natural conditions, cultivation conditions and production purposes, select high-quality, high-yield, disease-resistant and adaptable varieties. The seed potato should be disease-free, non-injured, not chilled and wet, and the size is 100 ~ 250 g. Where the potato tubers are soft, the potato skin is sunken, there are lesions, not bright, the section has no juice, or there are black tendons or bun. Planting one or two seedlings requires 50 to 75 kg of seed potatoes.
1.2 Seed potato disinfection. Seed potato disinfection is simple and easy, low cost, can kill seed potato pests. Soaking seeds with 51 °C ~ 54 °C warm water for 10 min before decanting, or soaking seeds with 70% methyl thiophanate (or 50% carbendazim) 500 times for 5 ~ 10 min, can effectively prevent sweet potato black spot and black shank .
1.3 Appropriate seasoning. The greenhouse is heated or fired, and the seedlings are warmed, and the potato is discharged 30 to 35 days before planting; the greenhouse is mulched or cold-bed double-film seedling, and the potato is discharged 40 to 45 days before planting. The seedbed soil should choose fertile farmland topsoil, and it is not allowed to repeat seedlings in a plot every year. When the potato is decanted, the seed potato should be laid flat, and the sun surface should be facing upwards to keep the seed potatoes on the same level. Pay attention to the size and separation, and distinguish the head and tail. The density of the potato should not be too large. The gap between the common seed potatoes is 1 ~ 2 cm. The amount of potato in the square meter is about 20 kg. After the seed potato is well-disposed, the soil is sprinkled and water is poured. If there is no soaking, after the water is completely infiltrated, the liquid is sprayed on the seedbed and covered with 3 cm thick topsoil.
1.4 Bed temperature control. Master the principles of high temperature germination, flat temperature and long seedlings, and low temperature refining. High temperature germination promotes multiple germination and early seedlings, which can effectively prevent black spot, nematode disease and black shank disease. After 3 to 4 days of potato excretion, the temperature was controlled at 35 °C ~ 38 °C, and the temperature dropped to 30 °C ~ 32 °C after germination. The temperature after the seedling was controlled at 25 °C ~ 28 °C, and the seedlings were 5-7 days before seedling. Gradually ventilate the seedlings to bring the temperature of the seedbed close to atmospheric temperature.
1.5 Timely seedlings. Seedlings are harvested in time when the potato seedlings grow to a height of 25 cm. When seedlings are selected, strong seedlings should be selected. The standard of strong seedlings is: dark green leaves, large and rich, top three leaves are flush; seedling height is 25 ~ 30 cm, no less than 8 knots, stems are short and not easy to break, broken When the stems are stalked, the white pulp is thick and thick; the root primordium is thick, the number is large, and there is no gas rooting. The whole plant has no disease spots and no insects. In order to better control the diseases of sweet potato black spot and stem nematode, the seedlings are recommended to cut high seedlings, that is, the seedlings are cut from the base of the seedlings 3 to 5 cm, and the base of the potato seedlings can be cut after the seedlings are raised. Go to 3 ~ 5 cm.
2 deep ploughing
Sweet potato is suitable for growing in sandy loam and loam with loose texture, good drainage, rich organic matter and deep soil layer. Therefore, it should be deeply cultivated 25 ~ 30 cm. In the autumn of last year or early in the year, ploughing and basting in the morning to loosen the soil and freeze some of the pests. Before planting, the ridge is 20~30 cm in height. The ridge is cultivated in a single row. The ridge distance is 60-80 cm. The ridge is cultivated in two rows. The ridge distance is 90-100 cm and the ridge width is 60-80 cm. When ridges, try to make the ridge shape high and fat, the furrows are narrow and narrow, the ridges are flat, the ridges are solid, and there is no big shovel and hard heart, which is good for drainage and drought prevention and the roots are swollen in the later period.
3 scientific fertilization
According to the soil fertility, sweet potato fertilization characteristics and target yield, rationally mix the amount of NPK fertilizer, according to the principle of “basic fertilizer, supplemented by topdressingâ€, based on the application of the base fertilizer, according to the appropriate condition of the seedling, the early stage The seedlings are early-onset, and the mid-term seedlings are strong and not prosperous.
3.1 Apply sufficient base fertilizer. Combine the soil preparation with high-quality crude fertilizer 2 000 ~ 4 000 kg (or bio-organic fertilizer 50 ~ 100 kg), potassium sulfate-type ternary compound fertilizer or sweet potato special fertilizer 40 ~ 50 kg, coarse fertilizer before the ridge, the organism Organic fertilizers and fertilizers are concentrated in the ridges.
3.2 Reasonable topdressing. Determine whether the amount of topdressing or topdressing is based on the amount of base fertilizer applied and the condition of the seedlings. Promote seedling fertilizer: topdressing before the sapling period, generally apply urea 3 ~ 5 kg; strong tree fertilizer: in the branching and potato stage, generally apply urea 3 ~ 5 kg or high nitrogen compound fertilizer 5 ~ 8 Kg; stimulating potato fertilizer: when the potato stalk begins to expand, the application is usually 5 ~ 10 kg of potassium sulphate. During the sweet potato glutinous period, the leaves were sprayed with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution for 2 to 3 times to prevent premature senescence and promote the growth of underground roots.
4 early planting
Early planting is beneficial to early potato and more potato. The earlier the planting in the appropriate period, the higher the yield. 10 cm after the end of the night frost, the ground temperature can reach 15 °C or above, and the first and second strong seedlings can be planted in a horizontal shallow planting method. When planting, the water is poured to ensure the seedlings are preserved once. The planting density is determined according to the ground force and variety. Generally, 3 000 ~ 5,000 plants are planted in acre. The flat land should be thin, the mountain should be dense, the long vine should be thin, and the short vine should be dense.
5 anti-manager
The sweet potato root system is developed, and the growth potential of the aboveground part is strong. If the nitrogen fertilizer level is high, the density is high, the light is insufficient or the rain is abundant, the stems and leaves of the aboveground part tend to be prolonged. The stems and leaves will consume a lot of nutrients, which will seriously affect the enlargement of the roots, and corresponding measures should be taken to control them.
5.1 Chemical control. The use of 15% paclobutrazol 50 ~ 100 g, or ketamine 7 ~ 15g water 50kg foliar spray, spraying 2~3 times, the effect is better.
5.2 Lifting the vines. After the ridges are closed, the stems and leaves are vigorously grown for 2 to 3 times, which can inhibit the adventitious roots and stems and leaves of the stems.
5.3 Top picks. When the main stem vines are extended to more than 30 cm, the top buds are removed by 2 cm, and the same method is used to remove the tops of the branched vines, which can inhibit the stems from growing, and the branches are increased, shortening the roots, stems and leaves. The distance between nutrients is conducive to tuber enlargement.
6 drought relief
Sweet potato is drought-tolerant, but drought occurs in the later stage of growth, which will affect the expansion of potato tubers. Therefore, timely watering and drought should be paid to ensure the development of potato tubers. In case of rain, more water in the field and low-lying and easy-to-slow blocks should be drained to prevent the water content in the field from being too high, resulting in hard and rot, affecting the quality and storage safety of the potato pieces.
7 Prevention of pests and diseases
Take prevention as the mainstay and comprehensive prevention and treatment. In addition to the selection of disease-resistant varieties and reasonable rotations, for diseases such as viral diseases and root rots that are not effectively treated, it is necessary to use virus-free seedlings; for black spot and nematode disease, it is necessary to start from healthy seedlings. Potato disinfection, high-cut seedlings, and pesticide seeding before planting can be effectively prevented; for underground pests such as cockroaches and golden worms, sulphur, chlorpyrifos and other granules can be used for soil treatment, and applied or planted before ridges. When the seedlings are applied.
8 timely harvest
The roots of sweet potato are asexual vegetative bodies. There is no obvious maturity standard and harvest period, but the harvesting is closely related to the yield, storage, processing and utilization of sweet potato. Harvesting will reduce the yield too early, and the harvest will be affected by low temperature and cold damage. . The sweet potato harvest is suitable, generally when the temperature drops to 15 °C, the harvesting begins, and the harvest is completed before the frost.
The above is the whole content of sweet potato cultivation technology, if you need it, you can come to HuiNongwang collection to learn!
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