Crops require a variety of nutrients in their growth or life activities, and each element cannot substitute for each other. Targeted application of trace element fertilizer has become one of the important measures to further improve crop yield and quality.
Trace elements are indispensable
Trace elements are essential for the growth and development of potatoes. Among them, zinc, copper, boron, manganese and iron have important physiological functions. It has been determined that in the tuber growth period, the content of various trace elements in the fresh leaves of the potato is 70-150 mg/kg, boron 30-40 mg/kg, zinc 20-40 mg/kg, and manganese 30-50 mg/kg. Potatoes are extremely sensitive to the deficiency of manganese, sensitive to the lack of boron and zinc, but not sensitive to the lack of copper, iron and aluminum. In terms of demand, the demand for manganese in potatoes is high, and the demand for boron and copper is relatively low.
Functional elements have a large effect
Manganese is an important trace element. Appropriate amount of manganese fertilizer can promote the emergence of potato, make the stem thicker, increase the plant, reduce the rate of dead seedling, tuber rot and tuber spot, increase the resistance, and increase the average plant. The weight, average yield and commercial potato rate increased, and the main components such as protein, starch, total sugar and reducing sugar were improved. Manganese activates certain enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and increases respiratory intensity. In photosynthesis, photolysis of water requires the participation of manganese, and manganese is also a structural component of chloroplasts; in the absence of manganese, the chloroplast structure destroys disintegration. When the potato is deficient in manganese, it first loses green and yellow in the new veins, while the veins and its vicinity remain green, the veins are clear, and the same magnesium deficiency, but magnesium deficiency occurs in the lower leaves. When the manganese deficiency is serious, dark brown spots appear in the veins of the potato.
Boron promotes the metabolism, transport and cell division of potato carbohydrates. The results of boron application test showed that the dry matter accumulation (pre-emergence to tuber formation) of boron application was not much different from that of the control. The mid-potato (from tuber formation to starch accumulation period) was larger than the dry matter in the control area. The boron application area was 707 kg/mu, and the growth rate was 9.8 kg/mu·day; the control area was 675 kg/mu and 7.9 kg/ Mu·day. During the tuber formation period, the nutrient uptake and absorption intensity of potato in the boron application area were significantly higher than those in the control area. The results of boron application test showed that the potato yield increased by more than 20% when the effective boron content of the boron fertilizer was ≤0.240 mg/kg, and the potato yield increased by more than 15% when the effective boron content was less than 0.50 mg/kg. When the content is >0.5 mg/kg, the yield is below 10%. When spraying boron fertilizer, when the effective boron content of soil is ≤0.20 mg/kg, the potato yield increase is more than 20% after spraying boron fertilizer; when the effective boron content is ≤0.50 mg/kg, the potato yield is above 10%; When the effective boron content is >0.5 mg/kg, the yield increase is still above 10%. It indicates that when the effective boron content of the soil is below 0.5 mg/kg, it is more suitable to apply Shiji; when it is above 0.5 mg/kg, it is more suitable for spraying. When the content of boron in potato plants is lower than a certain concentration, some symptoms of deficiency will occur. The general symptoms are growth point necrosis, floral organ dysplasia, and root dysplasia.
Zinc can participate in the synthesis of potato chlorophyll and promote photosynthesis of potato; zinc is a component of more than 80 kinds of enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase, various dehydrogenases, superoxide dismutase, etc., involved in protein synthesis, zinc is RNA The composition of the polymerase, zinc together with iron, copper and the like inhibit RNase activity; zinc is an activator and stabilizer of various enzymes; zinc is involved in the synthesis of auxin, which is essential for the synthesis of indole acetic acid. When the potato is deficient in zinc, the plant type is short, the leaf is small and deformed, and the veins are chlorotic or yellow, which seriously affects the yield and quality of the potato.
Iron Fe is the main form of plant absorption, and chelated iron can also be absorbed. In potato plants, most of the iron is present in the chloroplasts. Iron is not a component of chloroplasts, but synthetic chlorophyll must have iron. When iron is deficient, the chloroplast structure is destroyed, resulting in the formation of chlorophyll. When the iron is severely deficient, the chloroplast becomes smaller, even disintegrated or vacuolated. Iron has little mobility in potato plants, and iron deficiency often shows chlorosis on young leaves. Iron has a close relationship with photosynthesis. It not only affects the redox system in photosynthesis, but also participates in photosynthetic phosphorylation and directly participates in the carbon dioxide reduction process. Therefore, iron is also essential for the growth of potatoes.
Increase production and quality examples
There have been many reports on the application of trace elements to increase yield and improve the quality of potatoes. The increase in yield is often caused by soil conditions. Generally, the application of trace elements in fertile land is weak, and the application of poor soil is significant.
According to reports, zinc fertilizer is applied to ash-calcified calcite, the yield per hectare is increased by 2 tons, the starch content is increased by 2.28%, and the protein content is increased from 1.65% to 2.07%. Qinghai Ledu County Agricultural Science Institute and Qinghai Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences Soil and Fertilizer Institute test, in the base fertilizer, 1 kg, 0.5 kg, 0.25 kg boric acid per acre, the yield increase was 37.3%, 26.2% and 1.4%; with 0.1 The % boric acid solution was soaked for 10 minutes and sprayed at the flowering stage to increase yield by 10.5% and 8.4%, respectively.
According to Wang Shizhen of Suining County, Sichuan, the application of zinc and boron in potato has obvious effect of increasing yield. Zinc, boron single application and zinc, boron combined application, the average yield was higher than the control 0.09% ~ 19.89%. Among them, the yield of foliar application by zinc and boron was the highest, which was 2.66% and 4.19% higher than that of foliar spray and base application, respectively. From the analysis of yield structure analysis, it is believed that the increase of zinc and boron is mainly due to the increase of the rate of large and medium potato, and the average rate of large and medium potato is 8.36% higher than that of the control. However, the combined application of zinc and boron increased the yield by single application, mainly relying on the increase of the number of potatoes per plant, and the number of potatoes per plant increased by 10.54% compared with the control.
Trace element fertilizers are highly targeted, and attention should be paid to the study of fertilizer formulas suitable for soil conditions and crops to form potato-specific fertilizers. From the current production level, with the continuous improvement and improvement of cultivation techniques, the yield of crops will continue to increase, and the consumption of trace elements in soil will continue to increase, so it is imperative to supplement the trace elements required for crops.
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