How to properly control appetite? Scientists come to the trick
October 25, 2016 Source: Bio Valley
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];[1] J Bacteriol.: Bacteria can control the appetite of the host
Over the past five years, there has been increasing evidence that normal strains of the gastrointestinal tract can play a vital role in humans and animals. Professor Norris and colleagues from the University of Rouen in France recently proposed that gastrointestinal bacteria have a new function: they can control the appetite of the host to a certain extent. Their retrospective study was published online in Bacteriology before the print edition.
This hypothesis is largely based on studies of some of the currently known functions of bacteria in the host and their association with host biological systems. Professor Norris writes that bacteria can simultaneously recognize and synthesize neuroendocrine hormones. This support for intestinal bacteria to form colonies constitutes the hypothesis that the micro-organisms and the mammalian nervous system are jointly matched to the gastrointestinal tract (the nervous system that governs the gastrointestinal tract is called the intestine The nervous system" includes about 500 million neurons and contains 85 billion neurons in the central nervous system.
Gastrointestinal microbes can simultaneously respond to changes in host status caused by host nutrient consumption and various hormonal signals. Norris believes that this connection may be bidirectional: they produce compounds that the human system uses for signaling, including neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters including gamma-aminobutyric acid, and amino acids such as tyrosine and tryptophan. When tyrosine and tryptophan are absorbed by the body, they can be converted into mood-regulating molecules - dopamine and serotonin. In addition to this, there are other ways.
[2] Nature: Scientists identify brain neural circuits that suppress individual appetite
Recently, in a research report published in the international magazine Nature , researchers from the University of Washington identified a series of neurons that can "inform" the brain to turn off the appetite of the individual by using genetic engineering techniques.
In order to identify these neurons in the brain that exercise the process and transmit information, the researchers first consider what causes the animal to lose appetite, including infection, nausea, pain, or eating too much; nerves in the intestines Once damaged, information cannot be sent to the brain through the vagus nerve, and when this information activates a particular neuron, appetite is suppressed. These special neurons usually contain CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), which is located in the brain. One of the areas called the parabrachial nucleus.
In mouse experiments, researchers used genetic techniques and viruses to introduce light-activated proteins into CGRP neurons. Activation of these proteins stimulates cells to transmit chemical signals to other regions of the brain; when laser-activated CGRP neurons are used, Hungry mice lose their appetite immediately and stay away from fluid food; when the laser is turned off, the mice will resume eating the food.
[3]Sleep: The way in which hormones that regulate appetite are revealed varies by gender.
Recently, a research report published in the international magazine Sleep pointed out that increasing the amount of sleep in adults can lead to a decrease in food intake, and the hormone secretion process associated with food intake in men and women also shows differences. Researcher Dr. Marie-Pierre St-Onge said that in healthy normal weight participants, limiting the effects of their metabolic risk factors by limiting their sleep would also be through different ways of regulating hormone secretion in both male and female bodies. To affect the intake of its food.
The researchers conducted a study on the effects of sleep on glucose, insulin, and leptin, as well as the hunger-stimulated hormones, grelinin, and GLP-1, which were gender-specific. This study focused on 27 normal-weight, ages between 30 and 45 years. Male and female participants conducted intensive studies on sleep duration, abnormal glucose metabolism, and hormone-regulated appetite. Participants were fasted and in two sleep states: short (4 hours) and habitual (9 hours). The results showed that short-term sleep increased the level of grelinin in men but not women, but increased the level of GLP-1 in women without increasing the level of GLP-1 in men. The results revealed that during short-term sleep, the common susceptibility to eating too much was associated with an increase in male appetite and a decrease in female satiety.
[4] Nat Commun: Synthetic gene loop for appetite control
This issue of Nature Communications reports the generation of a synthetic gene loop (a combination of genes that would normally not occur together) that can modulate the production of an appetite-suppressing peptide based on blood lipid levels. In principle, it is possible to modify the system to tailor the production of peptide drugs for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity in which blood lipid levels are often elevated.
The nuclear receptor PPARalpha is naturally produced in many cells in the body and is activated by fatty acids, which induce the expression of metabolic genes. Pramlintide is an appetite-suppressing peptide drug used to treat diabetes. Martin Fussenegger and his team generated a genetic loop in which activation of PPARalpha is coupled to transcription of the gene encoding Pramlintide. The resulting synthetic "lipid-sensing receptor" dynamically and reversibly adjusts the expression of Pramlintide according to the level of fatty acids in the environment, thereby producing a lipid that is elevated when blood lipid levels are elevated (eg, by the consumption of fatty foods or by disease). A rise in the level) increases the system that inhibits the production of orexin. The team then implanted this synthetic receptor, which is in the form of a transgenic cell containing the construct, encapsulated in a hydrogel, into the abdomen of mice that ate high-fat food. They found that mice that received these implants had less food intake, lighter weight, and lower blood lipid levels than mice that received untranslated cells.
[5] Peptides: a peptide that controls appetite and metabolism affects fertility
Recently, scientists at the University of Western Australia revealed how a peptide that controls appetite and metabolism affects fertility. Scientists at the University of Western Australia have been focusing on the effects of the peptide ghrelin and the neuropeptide kisspeptin on the human reproductive system.
Ghrelin is primarily responsible for neurons controlling appetite and metabolism, as well as fertility. Dr. Jeremy Smith, from the University of Western Australia's School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, is particularly interested in how peptides help people who are overweight or obese to conceive.
Dr. Smith said: The premise behind this research is energy balance. Food intake and energy consumption have a profound impact on the reproductive system. Therefore, this study attempts to find the true associated nodes of the “management†of fertility in the energy balance in the brain.
[6] JCEM: Scientists explain why obese people always feel that they are not eating enough.
Many obese people always have the feeling of "not eating enough", even if they can't suppress their appetite after a meal. The latest research found that the reason is that glucagon, which controls appetite in obese people, has failed.
Glucagon is a hormone that controls glucose metabolism, regulates blood sugar, and functions as opposed to insulin. When the body's blood sugar is low, glucagon secretion increases and insulin decreases. When blood sugar is high, glucagon secretion is reduced and insulin is increased. In addition, glucagon can also affect the body's key hormone regulating food intake - ghrelin, by regulating the body's hunger to control appetite.
Researchers at the Shalithai University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany, conducted a comparative trial of 11 obese people, 13 type 1 diabetic patients, and 13 thin people, randomized them to glucagon or placebo, and then measured their satiety. Degree and level of ghrelin.
The results showed that obese people had little difference in satiety regardless of whether they injected glucagon or placebo, indicating that their bodies were not sensitive to glucagon. In contrast, type 1 diabetic patients and lean people who cannot normally produce insulin in the body showed a significant satiety after injection of glucagon, and the hormone could be detected even after 24 hours.
[7] Can't help but eat, is it a dependence?
We all know that obesity is very bad for health, and we all want to eat less, but once the delicious dishes and snacks are placed in front of us, we will eat more without knowing it. Why is this? In fact, the brain function that induces excessive diet is very similar to drug dependence.
To this end, Newton interviewed Dr. Nora Volkow, Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). Let's hear how the top experts on this drug dependence look at food-induced dependence and obesity!
Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), a top expert in drug dependence. In recent years, she has not only researched drug dependence, but also began to talk about food-related dependence and obesity. She was born in Mexico in 1956 and began her current position in 2003.
[8] Research finds that happy emotions can reduce the appetite of exercisers
According to the French newspaper Le Figaro, studies have shown that happy emotions in sports activities can reduce the chances of increased appetite after exercisers exercise.
According to the report, according to a French-United States joint research report published by Marketing Letters in early June, exercisers want to eat sweets after running for several kilometers because they are not in sports activities. Get enough fun.
To confirm this argument, the researchers conducted three sets of experiments. In the first group of experiments, 56 women were divided into two groups, one of which had to walk 1 km for physical exercise; the other group of participants walked while listening to music. At lunchtime later, the researchers found that people who exercise alone had 42% more creamy chocolate snacks and sodas than the other.
In the second group of experiments, the number of people who exceeded the standard was a minority. One group only did a monotonous walking exercise, while the other group walked by visiting Cornell University. The researchers provided chocolate confectioners to the participants and did not impose any restrictions on the amount of food consumed. The results showed that the testers who only exercised were twice as likely to eat as the other group.
[9] fiber or inhibit appetite by affecting the brain
A recent study by scientists on mouse metabolism has shown that a product after fiber fermentation can directly affect the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that is involved in appetite regulation. Researchers say the results offer the potential to find new weight-control methods and even to treat obesity.
For a long time, people have been told that a high-fiber diet can help fight obesity, but the related mechanism behind it is an unsolved mystery. Jimmy Bell, a biochemist at Imperial College London in London, who conducted the study, said: “There is a lot of epidemiological information here that suggests a link between fiber and obesity, but no one can link epidemiological results to actual mechanisms. stand up."
Researchers report the findings in the latest issue of Nature-Communication.
Bell pointed out that a high-fiber food has so far been thought to help reduce body weight by stimulating the release of hormones that suppress appetite in the digestive tract, but researchers have not observed these hormones in the human body as they grow in mice.
Therefore, Bell and his colleagues decided to look elsewhere. They believe that an obvious candidate should be the product of fiber fermentation in the digestive tract. Researchers are particularly focused on short-chain fatty acid esters because they are the most abundant and well known – they circulate in the blood.
[10] The appetite of an individual may not be related to the caloric intake of the body.
Researchers from the University of Sheffield recently found through research that we feel that the degree of hunger does not seem to correlate with the level of calories we consume, and that foods that have been introduced to the market with appetite-modifying properties do not seem to change the body's calories. Intake; related research may have highlighted health claims about food production, such as many foods, especially those that advertise to help people lose weight.
The researchers analyzed 462 scientific reports and found that in many studies, the appetite rating may not be comparable to energy intake, which is the level of calorie expenditure. Researcher Bernard Corfe said that the food industry is full of products that can change people's appetite. Although these claims are likely to be true, they should not be extended to suggest that people's energy intake will be reduced.
For example, we ate a meal that claimed to satisfy our appetite appetite, and it also allowed us to be full for a long time, but despite this, we still consume a lot of calories. Only 6% of the studies analyzed a direct statistical comparison between energy intake and appetite, which may indicate that researchers hope to avoid relevant reports. In about 6% of the studies, about half of the studies found both. The correlation between the two may emphasize the fragility of the correlation between energy intake and appetite.
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