The general idea of ​​this year's wheat autumn planting technology promotion work is: “Creating high-yielding as the starting point, standardizing sowing as the breakthrough point, further optimizing the variety layout, vigorously promoting key technologies such as deep plowing, deep planting, planting and planting, and suppression after planting, and effectively improve Sowing quality, laying a good foundation for autumn seeds." Focus on the following technical measures.
First, optimize the layout of varieties, select the fine varieties
All localities must use the wheat subsidy promotion subsidy program as a platform to make a unified plan for the arrangement of local wheat varieties. According to the local ecological conditions, ground conditions, irrigation conditions and other factors to choose the appropriate species. The recommended layout for this year is:
(1) Areas with good water pouring conditions. Ludong, Lubei area. With Liangxing 99, Jimai 22, Shannong 22, Jinmai 20 (strong gluten), Yannong 19 (strong gluten), Yannong 24, Qingfeng 1, Qingnong 2 and Zhouyuan 9369 (strong gluten) Liangxing 66, Jinan 17 (strong gluten), Yannong 23, Yannong 5158, Yantai 999, Shannong 21, Shannong 23, Xin 289, Shannong 17, etc.; Luzhong area. Jimai 22, Liangxing 99, Tainong 18, Tainonn 19, Wennong 14, Shannong 22, Shannong 23, Jinan No. 17 (strong gluten), Jinmai 20 (strong gluten), Taishan No. 23, Wenzhou Nong 6th, Shannong 15, Liangxing 66, Shannong 17 etc. mainly; Lunan, southwest Shandong. Linmai 2, Linmai 4, Jimai 22, Tainon 18, Tainon 19, Shannong 22, Shannong 21, Shannong 23, Shannong 15, Taishan 9818, Liangxing 99, Jinan 17 (strong Ribs), Liangxing 66, Lianmai 18, and Shumai 98 are the main products.
(b) Poor conditions for pouring water in dry land. The main crops are Qingmai 6, Yannong 21, Yannong 836, Shannong 16, Hemai 17, Lumai 21, Yannong 0428, and Qingmai 7.
(c) Part of the saline-alkali land. It is recommended to grow Dekang 961, Shanrong No. 3, and H6756.
Second, the implementation of deep plowing and deepening, and effectively improve the quality of land preparation
Tillage preparation is the main technical part of wheat preparation before sowing, and the quality of soil preparation has a close relationship with the quality of wheat sowing. Pay attention to the following points:
(I) Preparation for Soil Ploughing
First of all, it is necessary to do a good job of returning straw and applying organic fertilizer. At present, straw returning and organic fertilizer application are the most effective measures to cultivate soil fertility. When the corn stalks return to the field, they must ensure the quality of their operations and try to crush the corn stalks. Generally, the corn stalks should be returned to the field machine twice. The length of the stalks is less than 10 cm, preferably about 5 cm. At the same time, all localities must broaden their sources of fertilizers and increase farmyard manure in order to improve the soil structure and increase the organic matter content of the soil layer on the basis of the implementation of corn harvesting and straw return. General high-yield fields Mushi organic fertilizer 3000 to 4000 kilograms, medium and low yield fields Mushi organic fertilizer 2500 to 3000 kilograms. Second, formulate fertilizers. All localities must combine formula fertilization projects, reasonably determine the proportion of chemical fertilizers based on local conditions, and optimize the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. High-yielding fields usually have a total growth period of 14–16 kg for pure nitrogen (N), 7.5 kg for phosphorus (P2O5), 7.5 kg for potassium (K2O), 1 kg for zinc sulfate, and 12~14 for medium-yielding farmland. Kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 6 ~ 7.5 kg, potassium (K2O) 6 ~ 7.5 kg; low-yielding fields generally Mushi pure nitrogen 10 ~ 13 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 8 ~ 10 kg. High-yield fields should use 50% of all organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers as the base fertilizer, and the remaining 50% of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers should be applied during the jointing period of the second spring. The middle and low-yielding fields should use 50% to 60% of all organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potash fertilizers, and nitrogen fertilizers as the base fertilizer. In the second year of spring, the wheat will begin to take up 50% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizers during the jointing stage. We must vigorously promote the deep application of chemical fertilizers and resolutely put an end to surface dissemination.
(b) Determine deep plowing, deep plowing or rotary plowing according to local conditions
Deep ploughing or deep loosening of the soil can loosen the plough layer, reduce soil bulk density, increase porosity, improve permeability, promote aerobic microbial activity and nutrient release, and increase soil seepage, water storage, fertilizer conservation, and fertilizer supply. ability. However, the two have their own advantages and disadvantages: Large ploughs plough deeper and can better bury organic fertilizers, straw residues and weeds, and help eliminate pests and diseases that are parasitic on the soil or residues. However, the depth of loosing is not as deep as it is deep; loose work can loosen the soil without turning the soil. The depth of loose soil is deeper than that of ploughing. However, because it does not invert the soil layer, we cannot turn over fertilizers, weeds and straws, which is also not conducive to reducing pests and diseases. Therefore, all localities must select deep plowing and deep loosening operations in accordance with local conditions according to local conditions.
Generally speaking, the high-yield plots with large straw returning amount, especially the high-yielding plots, should be expanded as far as possible. In deep, high-yielding fields, the depth of ploughing is about 25 cm for deep ploughing and about 23 cm for middle tracts. For deeper ploughs (bottom), the depth of ploughing should increase year by year. Before the deep plowing operation, the root bark of corn should be removed, and after the plowing, the rotary tiller should be used for leveling and compaction operations. In order to reduce the number of open and closed ridges, wherever possible, the plough-type deep plows should be used as far as practicable. Deep ploughs should be equipped with rakes to improve the quality of farming. For plots with less straw returning, especially those plots that have been planted for no less than three consecutive years, mechanical deep lofting can be used. According to the soil conditions and working time, the deep loosening method can use partial deep loosening or full deep loosening. The working depth is larger than the plough bottom layer and requires 25 to 40 cm. In order to avoid loose soil moisture after deep loosening, use rotary tilling after deep loosening. The machine arrangs the surface in time, or uses the suppressor to repress the sinking soil several times, and then conducts the wheat sowing operation in time.
However, deep plowing and deep plowing also have complex processes, consume large amounts of energy, and can also affect wheat yield due to serious soil loss during drought years, and the effects of deep plowing and deep plowing can be maintained for many years. Therefore, for the general plots, it is not necessary to deeply plow or deepen each year, and it can be plowed (loosely) for 1 year and rotary tilled for 2 to 3 years. Rotary cultivator can choose more than 1.8 meters ploughing, intermediate transmission single beam rotary cultivator, supporting more than 60 horsepower tractors. In order to improve the power transmission efficiency and operation quality, the rotary cultivator can use frame type, high gearbox rotary cultivator. In the wheat fields where corn stalks are returned, it is difficult to completely bury the stalks due to the shallow plough layer of the rotary cultivator. Therefore, the corn stalks should be crushed, and as far as possible, the corn stalks should be finely ground and rotated twice.
(3) Do a good job of repression after the ploughing. After the ploughing, smashing and repressing can make the soil finely crushed and destroy the scum. Therefore, all kinds of ploughing plots must be smashed in time. In particular, the use of crop straw and rotary cultivators to rotate the cropland, due to loose soil in the cultivating layer, can easily cause the wheat to be sown too deeply and form deep seedlings and weak seedlings, which affects the occurrence of wheat tillers, resulting in insufficient panicles and reduced yield; Because of the loose soil, this type of plot loses faster. Therefore, it must be ploughed and smashed as soon as possible to suppress 2 to 3 times, to break the soil, smash the soil, loosen the topsoil, level the ground, and implement Panasonic, reduce evaporation, resist drought and protect soil; so that the plough layer is tight, the seeds and the soil are tight Contact, ensure that the sowing depth is the same, and the emergence is neat and robust.
(d) According to specifications. The cultivation of wheat fields was implemented in order to facilitate the fine soil preparation, ensure the consistency of the sowing depth, even watering, and save water. Therefore, in the autumn season, all types of wheat fields, especially those with irrigated conditions, must be built and built during the land preparation. The size of the cockroaches should be adapted to the local conditions. The water-casting conditions should be as large as possible, and the water-poor conditions can be as small as possible.畦 width 1.65 ~ 3 meters, about 40 centimeters. When determining the row spacing and width of wheat sown, full consideration must be given to the operational specifications of agricultural machinery and the requirements for live or intercropping crops under the crop. For peanuts, cotton, and vegetables, the main producing areas must be left full for planting during the autumn season, vigorously promote the interplanting of wheat, wheat, and wheat, and strive to expand the area with wheat; however, for regions where wheat and corn are harvested twice a year If the accumulated temperature in summer is sufficient, local conditions should be adopted to promote the summer harvesting technology of maize after harvest, and try not to reserve corn intercropping.
Third, adequate planting appropriate amount of feet, effectively improve the quality of sowing
Improving the quality of sowing is the basis for guaranteeing complete wheat seedlings, uniform seedlings, strong seedlings, rational development of the group and realization of high yield of wheat. When sowing should focus on the following aspects:
(a) Do a good job of seed treatment. Promoting seed coating with seed coating agents to prevent plant diseases and insect pests. Seeds that are not coated with a seed coating agent are seed dressing. For the heavier occurrence of root diseases, 2% tebuconazole (Riqin) is used to seed the seeds of 0.1% to 0.15%, or 20% of triadimefon (triaden) is added to 0.15% of the seed. Heavier land pests, use 40% methylisosulfide EC or 35% methylthiophosphorus EC, seed dressing at 0.2% of the seed weight; sick and insect mixed land use the above fungicides + kill Insect mixed dressing.
(b) enough to sow. The suitable soil moisture for wheat emergence is 70%-80% of field water capacity. If the autumn season is suitable, it is necessary to plough the crops in time after the autumn crops are harvested, and sow the plots; if the plot lacks sensation, attention should be paid to crop cultivation. There are plots of land in the fields. In the appropriate period, it is necessary to master the principle of “preferring proper late planting, but also creating enough planthoppers†so that we can plant ourselves fully and ensure that all plantlets are seeded. For corn stalks returning to fields, it is best to irrigate them after returning the field, or to “sweep†the water immediately after sowing, and when the conditions are appropriate, the soil will be cut and assisted in seedling emergence. In this way, wheat seedlings will be beneficial, Miao Qi, and Miao Zhuang. At the time of grazing, 40-50 cubic meters of water per mu were used.
(3) Suitable sowing. Temperature is the main factor that determines the sowing date of wheat. Under normal circumstances, wheat from the sowing to the beginning of winter, there is a cumulative temperature above 0 °C 570 ~ 650 °C is appropriate. All localities must determine the appropriate sowing date based on local conditions and on the basis of experiments and demonstrations. Generally, suitable sowing dates for wheat in Ludong, Luzhong, and Lubei are from October 1 to October 10, with the best sowing date from October 3 to October 8; the suitable sowing date for Luxi is From October 3 to October 12, the best sowing date is from October 5 to October 10; Lunan and Shandong are from October 5th to October 15th, and the best sowing date is October 7th. Until the 12th. Since corn plentiful in this year may be relatively concentrated, corn harvesting and wheat planting machinery must be prepared as soon as possible in various regions to speed up machine harvesting and planting schedules to ensure that wheat can be sown within a suitable period. For wheat that cannot be sown within the appropriate period, it is necessary to pay attention to increasing the sowing amount appropriately so that the sowing time can be combined.
(d) appropriate sowing. The suitable sowing amount of wheat differs depending on the variety, sowing date, and soil fertility level. In recent years, due to the influence of unfavorable climatic factors such as low temperature and drought in spring, the sowing amount of farmers in many regions has greatly increased, and there are huge hidden dangers of prosperous growth and lodging, which is very detrimental to the high and stable production of wheat. Therefore, in the autumn of this year, local governments must increase the propaganda and promotion of fine-seeding semi-finished broadcasts and resolutely curb the phenomenon of large-scale broadcasts. In some areas where maize is late harvested and wheat is sown late, it is best to promote semi-finish sowing techniques. However, it must be noted that the amount of sowing should not be too great. Generally, in the case of appropriate sowing, the large panicle type with low rate of tilling per panicle is suitable for 150,000-180,000 basic plants per acre, and the middle panicle type with high panicle-forming rate is suitable for 120,000 basic plants per acre. ~ 150,000. In this range, high-yield fields should be less and medium-yield fields should be more. Late sowing is suitable for sowing, sowing every night for 2 days, increasing the basic seedlings from 10,000 to 20,000 per mu. Dry wheat fields have 120,000 to 160,000 basic seedlings per acre, and 200,000 to 300,000 seedlings per acre in late summer.
(e) Fine sowing. Wide-ranging precision seeding, traditional small row spacing (15 to 20 cm) dense seeding for wide row spacing (22 to 26 cm), traditional crowded grain crowding, one line for wide broadcast (8 cm) seed dispersion The type of seed sowing is conducive to the even distribution of seeds, reducing the phenomenon of lack of seedlings, ridges, and seedlings, and overcomes the traditional seeder intensive drilling, grain crowding, competition for fertilizer, competition for water, nutrition, low roots, and weak seedlings. Therefore, all localities must vigorously promote the sowing of wide-range sowing machines for wheat. If conventional wheat seeders or semi-sperm sowing machines are used for sowing, it is also necessary to pay attention to the sowing machine to install repression devices with a spacing of 21 to 23 cm and a sowing depth of 3 to 5 cm. The planter can not walk too fast. It is advisable to use 5 kilometers per hour to ensure that the following species are uniform, consistent in depth and depth, uniform in line spacing, without missing broadcast, and not replayed.
(6) Repression after sowing. From the production experience in recent years, the suppression of wheat after sowing is an effective measure to improve the drought resistance and seedling quality of wheat seedlings. Therefore, this year's autumn season, wheat seeding machines with a repression device should be selected everywhere to follow the pressure of the seeds when wheat is sown. Then, after the sowing of the wheat, a repressor should be used to suppress it twice and efforts should be made to increase the repression effect. In particular, for the return of straw to the field, it is necessary to suppress the wheat after sowing with a repressor, so as to ensure the normal growth of the root system after wheat emergence and increase the drought resistance.
Fourth, do a good job of reseeding seedlings, eliminate the lack of seedlings
The high yield of wheat, seedlings and seedlings is the key. Therefore, after the emergence of wheat, it is necessary to promptly go to the ground to check the emergence of seedlings. For the lack of seedlings, it is necessary to replant as soon as possible. Replanting method: Select the seeds of the same species as the plot and apply seed dressing or dressing after seed dressing. Spread the seeds evenly and dilute the seeds. Poor waterlogging should be combined with watering.
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