Tomato is a tomato plant belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is an annual herb, also known as tomato, persimmon, and persimmon, and is used for eating ripe and juicy berry products. It is widely cultivated in all countries of the world and is commonly eaten. It has high nutritional value, and it is both vegetables and fruits. It can be compared with cucumbers in the production of fruit and vegetables, and it ranks second in the production of protected land. The average output is about 4500 kg/mu, and the average output value is about 6,000 yuan/mu. Judging from the production situation in recent years in Qinshui County, it is mainly necessary to develop protected land for cultivation in the future, and to achieve four-year production and annual balanced supply as the direction of efforts.
First, the species selection The earlier the tomato product goes on the market, the higher the price and the more significant the economic benefits. Therefore, early and mid-maturing varieties should be selected. The varieties include stone 016, cooperation 919, Zhongza No. 9, and Moneta.
II. Reasonable layout According to the natural environment and outstanding three-dimensional climatic characteristics of Surabaya, the production base has been selected to plant winter and spring tomatoes and summer and autumn tomatoes in two areas, middle and low elevation.
Third, nursery
1. Nursery bed nursery beds are made of disease-free Daejeon soil and applied to decomposed organic fertilizer at a ratio of 40% to 50%. In order to prevent infection at the seedling stage, nursery bed soil should be disinfected with 0.5% formalin solution on the bed soil, mixed and stacked, and sealed with a plastic film for 5-7 days before the membrane is volatilized. After sowing, it can prevent damping-off and Sclerotinia.
2. Seed treatment: Soak the tomato seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20-30 minutes, remove them with clean water, and then soak in germination. This method can eliminate viruses carried on various seeds. The high temperature in summer does not need germination.
3. The seedling age of the tomato seedlings planted to meet the planting standard is generally determined to be constant, and the sowing date must be reasonably determined according to the planting period and seedling age. Suitable temperature conditions, seedling growth and development, seedling age of 50-60 days.
After the nursery bed is leveled, pour in plenty of water. After the water has soaked, sprinkle the germinated seeds evenly. Cover fine soil 1 cm. If the disease is severe during the seedling stage, 50% of carbendazim powder can be sprinkled on the cover soil, and 8-10 grams per square meter can be used. Sowing rate 10-15 grams per square meter. If the number of seeds is not enough or the seeds are precious, they can be seeded on a seedbed in a 4 cm 4 cm row spacing, or they can be broadcast live on the nutrition bowl.
4. Seed management Winter seedlings are planted immediately after sowing. The grass is covered with grasshoppers at night to increase seedbed temperature. Keep nursery beds above 25-28 °C during the day. Under appropriate temperature conditions, about 2-3 days can be unearthed. In the tomato seedlings 2-4 leaf stage, in order to avoid seedlings crowded, sub-seedlings, sub-miao spacing of 10 cm 10 cm, immediately after sub-seedling watering, nurturing strong seedlings. Also need to pay attention to: 1 winter nursery cover film to ensure that the seedlings are neat. 2 summer nursery attention shade cooling rain. 3 1 to 2 weeks before planting, whether winter or spring tomatoes or summer tomatoes, should gradually lift off the small greenhouse membrane seedlings, and finally close to open conditions, after planting survived soon.
4. Site preparation requires a maximum depth of 40 cm in order to facilitate the development of the root system. Apply 5 kg of carbendazim per acre to 1 kg of carbendazim and plunge into the soil with deep plowing; apply 5000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre - 7000 Kilograms, spread into the ground before the ground, as the base fertilizer, should be applied according to different methods of ridging with furrows or furrows 15 cm under the top soil, in order to achieve the best absorption effect. Apply 50-60 kg of compound fertilizer and 20-30 kg of diammonium phosphate per acre.
Fifth, timely colonization of the general 4-5 leaves timely colonization, seedling age too long can cause leggy. For early maturation, high yield and improvement of the utilization rate of the protection facilities, cultivation must be closely planted and planted in double rows. The spacing of early maturing cultivars is 20 centimeters and 50 centimeters, about 6,000 plants per acre; the spacing of maturing cultivars is 30 centimeters. In centimeters, about 4000 strains per acre, after planting, the root water is poured and then covered with a plastic film. The combination of summer and autumn tomatoes using rain-proof greenhouses, mulch and other facilities cultivation technology, to create artificial protection equipment in the season of unfavorable tomato growth under external environmental conditions, improve production conditions.
Six, field management
1. Fertilizer management The management of fertilizer and water is the key to a good variety of tomatoes. Therefore, around the pollution-free production standards, the balance of fertilization with soil testing formulas was implemented, and the fertilizer, water, and medicine use technologies were improved, and the application of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers was reduced. Specifically: In order to prevent the occurrence of viral diseases, water should be irrigated frequently. Excessive water content will increase the number of falling flowers and fruits, and it can be used to “pour waterâ€. After watering, cultivators can be cultivated in time and sorghum can be cultivated. After the first fruit is reached, the size of the egg is reached, the fruit is swollen, the fruit is poured, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate per acre, and 10 kg of potassium nitrate are applied. After 15 to 20 days, fertilization is applied once every 15 to 20 days. Until the fruit harvesting period, 20 kg of ammonium nitrate and 30 kg of potassium nitrate are applied each time, and no single application of nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.
2. In order to increase the photosynthetic efficiency, the single-stem pruning method is generally used for timely pruning and pruning. In order to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, it is advisable to hang the vine to cultivate and destroy the old leaves, diseased leaves and yellow leaves in time for ventilation and light transmission. Infinity growth type topping when the two leaves are left after the appearance of the 10th inflorescence, limiting the growth of stems and leaves to concentrate nutrients, so that the plants no longer stretch, reduce the burden on the plant, promote the upper inflorescence set fruit and fruit enlargement, per spike Leave 5 fruits to increase production and quality.
3. Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention During the whole growing season, attention should be paid to the prevention of diseases such as viral diseases, late blight, gray mold, leaf mold, and ulcer disease. The drugs for prevention and control include: Jin Lei, Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim, Amishi Up to. The pests that should also be controlled include cotton bollworm, tobacco budworm, etc. The medicines for prevention and treatment include gold and new year, rifampin, and enemies, etc. It is also possible to perform light trapping and artificial killing.
VII. The ripening process of harvesting tomatoes shall be carried out in the four stages of green ripening, discoloration, red ripening and ripening. The local market can be harvested during the red ripening period and the export can be harvested in the green ripening or discoloration period. 10 days before harvest, no pesticides are allowed.
First, the species selection The earlier the tomato product goes on the market, the higher the price and the more significant the economic benefits. Therefore, early and mid-maturing varieties should be selected. The varieties include stone 016, cooperation 919, Zhongza No. 9, and Moneta.
II. Reasonable layout According to the natural environment and outstanding three-dimensional climatic characteristics of Surabaya, the production base has been selected to plant winter and spring tomatoes and summer and autumn tomatoes in two areas, middle and low elevation.
Third, nursery
1. Nursery bed nursery beds are made of disease-free Daejeon soil and applied to decomposed organic fertilizer at a ratio of 40% to 50%. In order to prevent infection at the seedling stage, nursery bed soil should be disinfected with 0.5% formalin solution on the bed soil, mixed and stacked, and sealed with a plastic film for 5-7 days before the membrane is volatilized. After sowing, it can prevent damping-off and Sclerotinia.
2. Seed treatment: Soak the tomato seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20-30 minutes, remove them with clean water, and then soak in germination. This method can eliminate viruses carried on various seeds. The high temperature in summer does not need germination.
3. The seedling age of the tomato seedlings planted to meet the planting standard is generally determined to be constant, and the sowing date must be reasonably determined according to the planting period and seedling age. Suitable temperature conditions, seedling growth and development, seedling age of 50-60 days.
After the nursery bed is leveled, pour in plenty of water. After the water has soaked, sprinkle the germinated seeds evenly. Cover fine soil 1 cm. If the disease is severe during the seedling stage, 50% of carbendazim powder can be sprinkled on the cover soil, and 8-10 grams per square meter can be used. Sowing rate 10-15 grams per square meter. If the number of seeds is not enough or the seeds are precious, they can be seeded on a seedbed in a 4 cm 4 cm row spacing, or they can be broadcast live on the nutrition bowl.
4. Seed management Winter seedlings are planted immediately after sowing. The grass is covered with grasshoppers at night to increase seedbed temperature. Keep nursery beds above 25-28 °C during the day. Under appropriate temperature conditions, about 2-3 days can be unearthed. In the tomato seedlings 2-4 leaf stage, in order to avoid seedlings crowded, sub-seedlings, sub-miao spacing of 10 cm 10 cm, immediately after sub-seedling watering, nurturing strong seedlings. Also need to pay attention to: 1 winter nursery cover film to ensure that the seedlings are neat. 2 summer nursery attention shade cooling rain. 3 1 to 2 weeks before planting, whether winter or spring tomatoes or summer tomatoes, should gradually lift off the small greenhouse membrane seedlings, and finally close to open conditions, after planting survived soon.
4. Site preparation requires a maximum depth of 40 cm in order to facilitate the development of the root system. Apply 5 kg of carbendazim per acre to 1 kg of carbendazim and plunge into the soil with deep plowing; apply 5000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre - 7000 Kilograms, spread into the ground before the ground, as the base fertilizer, should be applied according to different methods of ridging with furrows or furrows 15 cm under the top soil, in order to achieve the best absorption effect. Apply 50-60 kg of compound fertilizer and 20-30 kg of diammonium phosphate per acre.
Fifth, timely colonization of the general 4-5 leaves timely colonization, seedling age too long can cause leggy. For early maturation, high yield and improvement of the utilization rate of the protection facilities, cultivation must be closely planted and planted in double rows. The spacing of early maturing cultivars is 20 centimeters and 50 centimeters, about 6,000 plants per acre; the spacing of maturing cultivars is 30 centimeters. In centimeters, about 4000 strains per acre, after planting, the root water is poured and then covered with a plastic film. The combination of summer and autumn tomatoes using rain-proof greenhouses, mulch and other facilities cultivation technology, to create artificial protection equipment in the season of unfavorable tomato growth under external environmental conditions, improve production conditions.
Six, field management
1. Fertilizer management The management of fertilizer and water is the key to a good variety of tomatoes. Therefore, around the pollution-free production standards, the balance of fertilization with soil testing formulas was implemented, and the fertilizer, water, and medicine use technologies were improved, and the application of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers was reduced. Specifically: In order to prevent the occurrence of viral diseases, water should be irrigated frequently. Excessive water content will increase the number of falling flowers and fruits, and it can be used to “pour waterâ€. After watering, cultivators can be cultivated in time and sorghum can be cultivated. After the first fruit is reached, the size of the egg is reached, the fruit is swollen, the fruit is poured, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate per acre, and 10 kg of potassium nitrate are applied. After 15 to 20 days, fertilization is applied once every 15 to 20 days. Until the fruit harvesting period, 20 kg of ammonium nitrate and 30 kg of potassium nitrate are applied each time, and no single application of nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.
2. In order to increase the photosynthetic efficiency, the single-stem pruning method is generally used for timely pruning and pruning. In order to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, it is advisable to hang the vine to cultivate and destroy the old leaves, diseased leaves and yellow leaves in time for ventilation and light transmission. Infinity growth type topping when the two leaves are left after the appearance of the 10th inflorescence, limiting the growth of stems and leaves to concentrate nutrients, so that the plants no longer stretch, reduce the burden on the plant, promote the upper inflorescence set fruit and fruit enlargement, per spike Leave 5 fruits to increase production and quality.
3. Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention During the whole growing season, attention should be paid to the prevention of diseases such as viral diseases, late blight, gray mold, leaf mold, and ulcer disease. The drugs for prevention and control include: Jin Lei, Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim, Amishi Up to. The pests that should also be controlled include cotton bollworm, tobacco budworm, etc. The medicines for prevention and treatment include gold and new year, rifampin, and enemies, etc. It is also possible to perform light trapping and artificial killing.
VII. The ripening process of harvesting tomatoes shall be carried out in the four stages of green ripening, discoloration, red ripening and ripening. The local market can be harvested during the red ripening period and the export can be harvested in the green ripening or discoloration period. 10 days before harvest, no pesticides are allowed.
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