A few days ago, there were dairy farmers who called to ask if they could send out some sets of techniques for feeding and managing dairy cows in order to more systematically grasp the breeding techniques of dairy cows. For this reason, this edition publishes this article.
At present, some dairy farmers say that the efficiency of breeding is not high, and cows are not well-cultivated, and some farmers still claim that cows are still profitable. After comparing the details of their breeding conditions, feeding and management, and milking, it is not difficult to find that the profitable dairy farmers have all devoted themselves to the subtleties. The under-represented dairy farmers have neglected the details and taken it for granted that "What kind of cows are raised, give grass and corn stalks." For this reason, we give the dairy farmers a reminder that the future of dairy cows can no longer be taken for granted.
Cow choice
Choosing a good dairy cow is a necessary guarantee for ensuring high returns for dairy cows. Select cows to do the following two things.
1. Variety selection: Different cow breeds and dairy cows of different individuals differ greatly in their milk production capacity. The most common species currently selected is Holstein cows, commonly known as “black-and-white dairy cowsâ€. Under good husbandry conditions, the dairy cows can produce 5,000-7,000 kilograms of milk per year and 10,000 kilograms of high-yields. In addition to black-and-white cows, there are also Simmental bulls, including Danish Red Bull and milk, which have a higher milk production capacity but fewer populations.
2. Individual choice: After selecting the dairy cows, select the cows individually. Generally choose from the individual appearance, good cows require individuals tall, angular, clear-cut posture, long body, back waist does not collapse, chest and abdomen width, abdomen large without sagging, strong legs and feet, developed breasts, attached Good, deep wells, four milk areas well-proportioned, nipple size, length moderate, no deputy nipples, dry breast milk soft, lactation period, the surface of the breast vein thick bending, the overall plump without sagging. Subject to conditions, the maternal milk production and paternal quality should also be examined.
Feed preparation
Dairy cows' diet consists of green feed, roughage feed, and concentrate feed.
Green feed refers to all kinds of pasture, green straw and silage. Due to the large food intake of dairy cows, it is not easy to guarantee long-term supply of forage, and the seasonality of green straw is also very strong. Therefore, it is best to make silage.
Silage production method is: first dug silage pits, round or rectangular can be, surrounded by bricks, and then wipe the bottom and around the cement, four corners made of arc-shaped, so that the storage material compaction, the top More than 20 cm above the ground to prevent the inflow of rainwater. Professional households are best prepared for alternate use of two pits. Various grasses and straws can be combined and shortened. When the water content is 65%-70%, it is filled, a layer is built, and a solid layer is pressed. The pressure becomes tighter and better. All compacted and sealed, ensure no air leakage. After more than a month in the fall, it can be used to feed cows two months after the winter. When feeding, add as little as possible, how much to feed each day, and remove the plastic sheet after removal.
Roughage refers to a variety of hay and dry straw. Because the nutrition of hay is higher than that of dry stalks, conditions should be prepared for more hay in summer and autumn so as to prepare dairy cows for winter and spring consumption.
The concentrate feed can be purchased as a mixed feed, or it can be prepared by itself. It is better to prepare the mixture by itself, which can greatly reduce the feed cost and improve the economic benefits of feeding. Self-made mixes, general energy feeds (corn, bran, etc.) account for 70%-75%, pancakes (beancake, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, etc.) account for 20%, minerals, salt, additives, etc. account for 5% -10%. In general, every adult dairy cow needs 9,000 kg of green feed, 1,000 kg of roughage, and 2000 kg of concentrate feed each year.
Section feeding
Dry period of pregnancy (60 days before delivery):
1. Dry milk. After pregnancy, re-examination of the pregnant cows with dry milk, diagnosis of conceived child and calculation of pre-production period before dry milk, and examination of subclinical mastitis, if positive, cure and dry milk. Feeding or stopping the green and juicy feed for several days before dry milk, feeding coarse material, changing the time and number of milking, and after the last milk squeeze, inject milk into each nipple and dry nipples.
2. Feeding management. Body condition should be maintained at a moderate level, and the cows should not be over-fat to avoid appetite and prone to loose placenta, mastitis, metritis, and ketosis. After stopping milk, the cows should be fed with hay more in the first week, and then adjust the diet from the second week according to the body condition of the cows, breast expansion and appetite. The general dietary dry matter intake should be controlled at 2%-2.5% of the cow's body weight, with the concentrate feed amounting to 0.6%-0.8% of the body weight, 25:75 rough ratio, and supplemental minerals, vitamins and salt etc. . Must not feed spoilage and frozen feed, so as not to cause miscarriage and swelling. Drinking water should be clean. The winter water temperature should not be lower than 10°C, otherwise it is easy to abortion. Each cow moves 2-3 hours a day.
Perinatal period (15 days before and after childbirth):
1. Pre-period. Cows should be transferred to the clean and sterilized delivery room 14 days before delivery. Prior to production, high-quality hay should be used to increase the concentrate. The concentrate should be limited to 1% of the feed, and the low-calcium diet should be fed before labor. For 3 days, the bran content was properly increased in the concentrate to prevent constipation.
2. Childbirth period. The cow must remain quiet and lie on the left side to prevent the fetus from being difficult to produce by the rumen pressure. It should be driven as soon as possible after delivery to facilitate the reduction of the uterus and prevent uterine ectropion. Milking is started 2 hours after delivery, and calves are fed with newly-extruded colostrum. In order to make cows' lochia excreted and restore the uterus as soon as possible, they should be fed hot motherwort brown sugar water (wheat motherwort powder 250 grams add water 1500 grams, after boiling into water agent, add 1 kg of brown sugar and 3 kg of water), once a day, and even clothes 2-3 days.
3. Late perinatal period. After 2 days of postpartum, high-quality hay is mainly used, and suitable digestible concentrates are properly supplemented. After 3-5 days, the amount of concentrate and silage can be gradually increased. The amount of concentrate feed does not exceed 1.5% of body weight per day. Adhere to drinking warm water, can be reduced to room temperature after 1 week.
To strengthen the hot compresses and massages of the breast, we must pay attention to whether there are metabolic diseases such as postpartum sputum, ketosis, true stomach dislocation, and acidosis.
Procreation of lactation (16-100 days after childbirth):
In this period, under the guarantee of dairy cows' health status, the milk production potential should be fully utilized to prolong the time of peak milk production so that the current milk yield can reach 40%-45% of the total lactation yield, and be mated and conceived 40-90 days after childbirth. The nutritional level of dairy cows' diets should be such that the energy unit per kilogram of dry matter containing cows is 2.4, crude protein accounts for 18%-19% of dietary dry matter, 0.7% for calcium, 0.45% for phosphorus, and the crude-to-crude ratio is controlled at 50:50 as much as possible. , should not exceed 60:400. Extend the feeding time and increase the number of feedings, increase energy and protein intake, and keep the energy and protein ratio in a certain amount of water.
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