High-yielding Cultivation Techniques for Seed Production

High-yielding Cultivation Techniques for Seed Production

Zhu Xiangxi Chen Guoyi

(Agricultural Technology Center of the Eighth Division of the Eighth Agricultural Division, Bole City, Xinjiang 833405)

The single-cross breeding of corn is a practical technique that utilizes heterosis, a biological technique that enhances the stress resistance of maize growth and development and increases maize yield. After several years of analysis and analysis of seed production techniques, it was considered that the production of single-cross corn, the quality of seeds, and the level of yield mainly depended on: first, the natural conditions of the seed production area; second, the purity of the parent; Seed management technology measures in place. The fourth is broadcast all seedlings.

1. Choose a seed production base.

1.1 safe and reliable isolation area, corn is cross-pollination crops, natural hybridization rate is high, more than 95%, and its pollen grains can travel far with the air flow. Therefore, it is forbidden to plant corn of different strains within the isolation range around the corn planting field, and the space isolation area is not less than 300 meters.

1.2 Selection of land: Choose a site with isolated conditions and no self-grown corn. The soil texture above average fertility is required, and the fertility is uniform. There is no saline-alkali plot.

2. Master the characteristics of the varieties, quality of the good seeds, and seed treatment.

2.1 Carefully understand the characteristics of the parent and the mother.

2.2 Main indicators of qualified seeds

Qualified seed is essentially how to ensure the quality of qualified seeds. According to the national seed standard, the main index of corn seed exchange is: Grade 1 seed standard: cleanliness above 98%, purity over 98%, germination rate over 85%, water Fractions below 13%; secondary seed standards: a purity of 98% or more, a purity of more than 96%, a germination rate of more than 85%, and a moisture content of less than 13%.

2.3 artificial selection. The mold and broken kernels in the parental seeds were selected to avoid emergence of seedlings and ridges after sowing.

2.4 Seed coating: 7-10 days before sowing, the coated seeds must be dried for broadcast. When processing seed, you must thoroughly clean the site, warehouse, and tools.

2.5 Strict anti-miscellaneous: When sowing different varieties, the sowing machine must be strictly cleaned up, and pay attention to whether the seeds sowed before are left in the machine. Pay attention to the distribution and transport of seeds, strengthen the responsibilities of seed storage and sowing personnel, and guard against the mix of different varieties. When seeds are dispensed, they are dispensed with precision and no seeds can be returned to prevent artificial mixing of seeds.

3. Determine a reasonable group structure.

3.1 Yield composition index: 450 kg per mu, 6500-7000 strains of seedlings, of which the number of female panicles is 5500-6000 spikes, and the mother panicle weight is 100-120 grams.

Because the parents' plants are shorter than the field corn plants and the leaf area per plant is small, the density of the seedlings kept in the system is larger than that of the grain corn, and the seedlings are evenly distributed, and the two seedlings cannot be left and the seedlings cannot be replanted.

3.2 Setting of parent's bank ratio

3.2.1 Principle: Under the premise of ensuring sufficient paternal pollen, increase the number of mother rows and increase the seed production.

3.2.2 Basis: The degree of development of the male tassel, the number of branches, the amount of pollen, and the length of time the paternal flowering loose powder was continued.

3.2.3 General Parents The ratio of this line is 1:5 with a membrane of 1.45 meters, twelve membranes with three membranes, and on-demand membranes with a distance of 18-20 cm. Parents' ratio of the line is 1:7 with a narrow film of 0.7 meters, four membranes and eight lines, sowing seeder sowing.

4. Major measures

4.1 Determination of sowing date: The soil surface temperature of 5-10 cm stability through 8-10 degrees, can be planted, the specific time of March 28 - April 10 is a suitable sowing period, in principle, is to grab ferrets sowing.

4.2 sowing:

4.2.1 The depth of depression is 5-6 cm.

4.2.2 Soil treatment: Before planting, use 90% of the pod tolerant period 50-60 milliliters before planting, and then mix the soil directly. The depth of mixed soil should be 3-5 centimeters.

4.2.3 sowing depth: 3-4 cm.

4.2.4 Seeding capacity: On-demand 3.5-4 kg per mu, air-broadcast 2.8-3.2 kg. Demand the same depth, uniform seeds, to achieve the purpose of emergence and tidy. This is a key technical measure to seize the entire seedling.

4.2.5 Fertilization level and method: The total fertilizer application standard fertilizer amount is 130-140 kg. Urea 25 kg/mu, diammonium 20 kg/mu, potassium sulfate 7 kg/mu, full-layer fertilization: urea 10 kg/mu, diammonium 20 kg/mu, potassium sulfate 7 kg/mu. Top dressing: urea 15 kg/mu. After the tasseling is over, artificial spreading of urea 5-10 kg per mu will prevent premature aging.

4.3 Field management

4.3.1 Highlight an "early" character, put the seedlings early, seal the soil early, and mainly grow the roots during the seedling stage, loosen the soil early in the cultivation, promote the roots to lower and cultivate strong seedlings.

4.3.1.1 Early Dingling: In 3-4 leaves of Dingmiao, leave one plant per hole. Found that there is a mixed corn immediately removed. The female parent leaves a uniform and strong seedling, and the father intends to leave large, medium, and small seedlings to extend the paternity time.

4.3.1.2 Multi-cultivation: Generally 2-3 times, depth 16-18 cm.

4.3.1.3 seedlings: must be carried out according to public opinion, usually 45-55 days. Master the principle: dark not yellow, fat is not thin.

4.3.2 Irrigation

4.3.2.1 Irrigation during jointing stage: Maize is relatively drought-tolerant at seedling stage, and suitable seedlings promote root development and cultivating strong seedlings. However, after the jointing stage, the leaves grow vigorously and the water requirement gradually increases, which is generally earlier than that of Daejeong.

4.3.2.2 Irrigation during booting stage: from jointing stage to the earing of the ear is the booting stage. Maize vegetative growth and development go hand in hand with a large amount of water requirement, especially 20 days before and after tasseling is the “critical period” of water requirement. Drought has a great influence on the yield and must ensure that there is enough water for the growth and development of corn.

4.3.3 Miscellaneous in the field: The so-called “de-mixing” is the strict removal of field hybrids and isolates. In the jointing and trumpeting stages after the seedling setting, all abnormal parental plants should be removed and the mixed strains should be completely and cleanly removed before tasseling. What's more important is that the filthy strains in the father's bank must be cleaned up. The mother line found a loose-powdered strain and must pull out all the maize plants within a radius of 5 meters to ensure purity.

4.3.4 Artificial corn emasculation in seed production: Female emasculation is the central part of seed production and is the key to obtaining high-standard hybrids. The emasculation should be done 100% in time.

4.3.4.1 Early morning and evening: Eliminate as soon as possible, implement the method of artificial emasculation, together with 1-2 pieces of heart and leaves together to remove the net maternal tassel, in addition to the net residual branches. A few days before the maternal is approaching the heading, it is often necessary to look at the system for farming. Generally, the emasculation should be performed once per plant, leaving no residue.

4.3.4.2 Prevention for the first time in the Qing Dynasty: Remove the tassels that have been pulled out and clean up the weak parent plants to prevent pollen contamination. The tassels that are pulled out must be thrown into the ground. Do not leave them on the leaves of the plants so as not to loosen the flowers. When the earliest tassels in the field are left around 5%, the emasculation work is not completely completed, and the ungrowed female plants can be removed together with the heart and leaves within 1-2 days, and those weak plants can be removed.

4.3.4.3 Once the detasseling work begins, it must be carried out continuously and without interruptions to ensure the quality of seed production.

4.3.5 Cut off the paternal parent: After the paternal loose powder is finished, the father should be cut off in time. This can completely eliminate the parental grain from being mixed into the female parent, especially mechanical harvesting to ensure seed quality. The second is that the father has low output and low economic benefits. The third is to cut off the paternal instinct to greatly improve the ventilation and light conditions of the female parent's field, increase the maternal output, and promptly cut off the paternal instinct to increase the production by 5-10%.

5. Prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases

5.1 The disease is mainly smut.

5.1.1 Control methods: First, eliminate the pathogens and remove them before the rupture of the tumor. The second is to strengthen the cultivation and management, to avoid partial application of excessive nitrogen fertilizer, excessive nitrogen fertilizer tends to make young corn tissue, easy to infect the bacteria.

5.2 Insect pests mainly include corn borers, cotton bollworms, aphids, and red spiders.

5.2.1 Agricultural control: eliminate weeds on the field side, exterminate earthworms, and turn crops.

5.2.2 Physical control: The use of frequency-vibration pest killer traps.

5.2.3 Chemical control: During the corn trumpet mouth stage, it is applied in the heart of corn leaves with furandan, with about 0.5 grams per plant, and the effect of controlling corn borer is 90%.

6, harvest, drying, threshing, selection, packaging

6.1 Timely Harvest: The use of mechanical harvesting requires that the water content on the stem should not exceed 25%.

6.2 Threshing: The threshing ear water content is strictly controlled at about 18%. The threshing machinery uses the 5TYX-6F special corn threshing and cleaning machine produced by the Gansu Jiuquan Seed Machinery Plant. The newly purchased thresher must be processed before it can be used. Embryos rot.

6.3 Prepare enough sheds for each household to prevent weather changes and prevent rain and frost from lowering the bud rate. Drying in the gardens should be diligent and diligent, fully utilize the light and heat resources in the autumn, avoid mildew, and ensure that the seed moisture content is below 13%.

6.4 Timely selection of packaging: artificial panicle selection before threshing, clean up the total number of panicles, ensure that the cleanliness of seeds is more than 98% when clearing, packing according to the quantitative requirements, and padding wood to prevent moisture when laying.

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