High-yielding cultivation techniques for oil sunflower seed production
Zhu Xiangxi Chen Guoyi
(Agricultural Technology Center of the Eighth Division of the Eighth Agricultural Division, Bole City, Xinjiang 833405)
Oil sunflower hybrid production is a practical technique for male hybrid production using the male sterile line of the male sterile three-line system as male parent and male sterile restorer line as male parent. Through the analysis and analysis of seed production techniques over the past few years, we believe that hybrid seed production, the quality of seeds, and the level of yield are mainly determined by: first, the natural conditions of the seed production area; second, the purity of the parent, and the third The management and technical measures are in place. According to the Regulations for the Production of Sunflower Seeds and the Hybrid Seed Production Techniques stipulated by the Ministry of Agriculture, the specifications for oil sunflower seed production are formulated in accordance with the actual conditions of our division.
1, choose a good seed production base
1.1 Strictly select safe and reliable isolation zones. Consider insects that fly long distances. The isolation zone must be above 3,500 meters, which is a prerequisite for ensuring seed purity. Within the area of ​​separation, it is not allowed to grow any oil sunflowers, including large oil sunflowers planted in the garden, ornamental oil sunflowers, and self-growing plants, which must be completely removed before flowering.
1.2 Selection of land: In the past three years, the conditions for isolation have not been cultivated, and there are no sunflowers, no suitable sunflowers, no soil, and no gravel. The conditions for drainage and irrigation are good (the terrain has a certain natural slope of 5–1). 10) Land that is easy to manage and is not easily harmed by humans or livestock.
1.3 Time Segregation: Stagger the sowing time, so that the planting field and the production of the field flowering period separated by more than 30 days.
2, grasp the characteristics of varieties, the quality of good seeds, seed treatment
2.1 manual screening, to false authenticity. The high-purity parental inbred lines cultivated in the production unit were selected for artificial selection for the first time. Inconsistent colors (for example, flower seeds) were not picked up to further improve the purity of the parent. The second time before the end of the broadcast, they were screened again in the field with a pestle to remove impurities and facilitate seeding.
2.2 Coating: Seeds are treated with a coating to prevent downy mildew and root rot sclerotinia of oil sunflower.
2.3 Strict anti-miscellaneous: In the process of seed pulling, cleaning, seed dressing, screening and sowing, we must strictly prevent artificial and mechanical miscellaneous.
3, determine a reasonable group structure
3.1 Yield composition index: 136 kg per mu, the number of harvested plants is about 4000-4500, the plant height is 1.5-1.6 meters, the disk diameter is about 18 cm, the number of single-disc grains is 650, the single-grain solid grain weight is 35-38 grams, and the seed setting rate More than 80%. From this pushback, the sowing volume of mus is about 550 grams, of which the male parent is 70 grams, the female parent is 480 grams, the father's weight is 58.7 grams, the mother's grain weight is 54 grams, and the seed is about 10,000 seeds per acre.
3.2 Parent's Bank Ratio and Line Spacing:
The ratio of paternity to the number of female parent lines depends on the length of the father's flowering period, the amount of pollen, the number of pollinators in the female parent, the number of pollinators, and the climatic conditions. For example, the ratio of the parents of Xinkuisha No. 6 is 1:7, because the male parent is a bulky loose powdered plant with a plant height of 1.6 to 1.8 meters. The female parent is a head type and does not loose powder. The plant height is 1.4 to 1.5 meters. The mother plant spacing is 25 cm, and the parent plant is 25-28 cm.
The line spacing is configured as follows: (Parent's location)
Father's line
Γ45cmγ55cmγ45cmγ48cmγ45cmγ55cmγ45cmγ50cm
The following 50 centimeters were taken, the broadcast width was 3.88 meters, and the average spacing was 48.5 centimeters.
4. Main measures
4.1 Determination of sowing date:
4.1.1 The effective accumulated temperature for the growth and development of oil sunflower is ≥5°C at 1900°C. It is suitable for a longer time for the oil sunflower to be sown. The flowering period of oil sunflower is often adjusted through the adjustment of the sowing date, so that the flowering can be avoided 20 days after flowering. The weather of high temperature, rainy weather, and dry hot air can achieve good pollination and improve the seed setting rate. The sowing and sowing date for oil sunflower production is set to be suitable from April 20 to May 25.
4.1.2 Adjust the sowing date of the mother and the father from the number of days required from emergence to flowering so that the flowering period meets. Generally, the flowering period of the female parent is 2 to 3 days earlier than the father, and the final flowering period of the male parent The mother is 2 to 3 days later ideal. The production usually adopts the wrong time sowing or paternal film to make the parents' flowering period meet.
4.2 sowing quality:
4.2.1 Before sowing; open small ditch, ditch 40-50 cm, depth 12-14 cm, require the water to be even, not heavy, the same lyrical.
4.2.2 Soil preparation quality: To achieve the standard of Qi, Ping, Yi, Sui, Jing and Song, among which the earthworms are used as the central link.
4.2.3 sowing depth: The use of air-suction seeder for precision sowing, the next species less, save costs, the contracting households Dingmiao province workers, so that the Daejeon uniform. Because the parents are inbred lines, there is no heterosis, the ability of the top soil is weak, sowing should not be too deep, too shallow due to deficiencies, can not germinate, and even uncovered with shells, affecting photosynthesis, are not good for the whole seedlings, seeding depth Control in 3-5 cm, which is the key technical measure to seize the whole seedlings, in the tillage operation, take the sowing seeds to facilitate the operation of the air-suction seeder, to achieve consistent seeding depth.
4.3 Fertilization level and method: Oil sunflower requires the most potassium for the three major elements, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The general production of 50 kg sunflower seeds requires pure N1.65-3.02kg, P2O50.75-1.25kg, K2O3. 15-6.9kg. From flowering to flowering, absorption of nitrogen is the most and nitrogen uptake occurs. Therefore, it is of great significance to apply nitrogen fertilizer before budding. Phosphorus is absorbed most during the period from emergence to budding, accounting for about 46% of the total phosphorus consumed in its lifetime. Phosphorus is less absorbed in the later period. Therefore, phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to exert fertilizer effects in the early stage of fertility. In the different growth stages of the oil sunflower, potassium is absorbed in a balanced manner. At the end of the peak period of potassium absorption, most accumulated potassium in the disk indicates that the potassium content in the vegetative body is large. Therefore, it is believed that the potassium fertilizer should be before budding. Application, to provide early growth of plant parts, the focus is to provide the need for flower growth.
The fertilization amount in the whole growth period: urea 25 kg/mu, phosphoric acid diamine 20 kg/mu, potassium sulfate 7 kg/mu, N:P=1:0.6, full-layer fertilization: mainly phosphate fertilizer, urea 5 kg/mu, Phosphodiamine 20 kg/mu. Top dressing: mainly nitrogen fertilizer, with a certain potash fertilizer, urea 20 kg/mu, potassium sulfate 7 kg/mu. From the bud bud to flowering stage, the oil sunflower is a flourishing stage of vegetative growth and reproductive growth. It needs more nutrients and concentration, so the top dressing should be before this period, when the seedlings grow to 14-16 leaves (flower primordium differentiation period) Pre-dressing before budding, the most obvious effect of increasing production.
4.4 Field management
4.4.1 Highlight an “early†character. The seedling stage will be dominated by root growth, and early cultivation will loosen the soil, prompting the roots to squat and cultivate strong seedlings. In order to improve the quality of seedlings, the seedlings were set early and a pair of true leaves began to be seedlings, and two pairs of true leaves were seeded. The seedlings were combined and removed to remove larger and weaker plants, leaving medium uniform seedlings.
4.4.2 Irrigation: The headwaters highlight a "late word" and the second water highlights a "word catch." The irrigation period of oil sunflower must grasp three key periods, namely budding, flowering and filling. The flowering oil sunflower is in a vigorous growth stage and is a critical period of water demand. The role of nutrients in the leaves during the filling stage depends on the water transported to the seed. When the drought is severe, it can cause the thin disk, empty pods, and severely reduced production. Therefore, when the head water time is budding, when the plants appear temporary wilting at noon, the head water is promptly irrigated. In the first 6 to 7 days after the pouring of water, the second water shall be poured in time, and the third water shall be filled every 10 days to ensure the water requirement of buds and flowering period of sunflower. Fill the fourth water during the filling period. Pay attention to the quality of irrigation in irrigation water. After spending 15 to 20 days, it stopped watering and promoted the mother's growth to be robust, with large and large plates, high yields and high quality.
4.4.3 Bee Pollination: Oil sunflower is a cross-pollination crop of insects. The weight of pollen is not easy to move with the wind, and it is mainly dependent on insect pollination in order to fertilize. In the oil sunflower system, there is no pollen in the female parent, the father has pollen, and the parent's bank needs a lot of insects to pollinate than the l:7. An average of 3.08 mu is configured with a beehive. In principle, the colony of bees will be transferred to the production field 4 to 5 days before the flowering of the female parent. After the father's final flowering, the colony will be exiled from the planting field. There shall be no other bee colonies within the range of the oil sunflower production isolation area. The above measures can not only ensure purity, but also greatly improve the seed setting rate.
4.4.4 Artificially assisted pollination: artificially assisted pollination can effectively compensate water bees for pollinating bees. The effect of artificial pollination is closely related to pollination time and frequency. During the flowering period, it is best performed once every 1-2 days for 2-3 consecutive times. The pollination time is 9-11 after the dew has disappeared in the morning. At this time, the pollen is more, the vigor is stronger, and the pollination effect is better. Artificial pollination methods include powder puff pollination and flower disk contact pollination. Special attention should be paid to the initiation of pollination and the final pollination.
4.4.5 remove impurities, go loose powdered plants, seedlings to remove impurities, combined with Dingmiao, the principle is "to stay large and small", according to the typical characteristics of the parents found that special-shaped seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, particularly outstanding growth of large seedlings, Dispatch in time, leave the plant size, leaf color, leaf type, hypocotyl color, consistent seedlings, this principle of certain seedlings, such as mastery of the use of good, to the late mother to loose powder strains to reduce the great labor intensity, Play a multiplier role. Bud stage miscellaneous general before and after the first water, according to the plant height, plant type, leaf color, leaf shape, petiole and vein color, hair size and other traits to identify, remove the mutant strain in time, that is, the mother has a bifurcation, The father does not fork alone, dominant strains (grown plants). During the flowering period, it takes a long period of time and takes 20-25 days. It is monotonous and mechanical. Every day before 10 o'clock in the morning, before the bees have yet to be pollinated, the loose powder that began to loosen in the morning of the mother's bank is removed. , According to the plant height, plant type, flower color and loose powder status to remove impurities, timely removal of parents in the bank's mutant, dominant strains and parent line in the fertile plant disk, off the disk must face down, buckle on the ground In order to prevent bees pollinating. The miscellaneous work must be handled by a specialist and conducted under the guidance of technical personnel.
4.4.6 Fine management of the paternity and adjustment of the flowering period
According to the principle of adjusting the flowering period, "it is better to wait for the father and the mother and not the mother to wait for the father." Due to factors such as the environment and cultivation and management, the parents and mothers often have the phenomenon of incoordination of development speed, which leads to the flowering period can not meet, so we must master the parental fertility dynamics, and we need to predict the flowering period before the flowering period comes. Make timely adjustments. The flowering forecast method is as follows:
(1) According to the number of leaves to calculate the flowering period: the number of leaves in different varieties is determined by the characteristics of the varieties. From the emergence to the emergence of sunflowers, the growth of sunflower is generally about 0.7 slices per day, the difference is mainly in the 7 days before the budding growth rate is different, therefore, during the reproductive period by observing the number of leaves to predict whether the father and mother of the flowering period is effective .
(2) The flowering period is estimated based on the bud period: the number of days required from emergence to budding is related to the variety characteristics and environmental conditions. Generally 35 to 45 days, budding to flowering about 20 days, according to the budding period calculated more accurate flowering period, bud period meet is the flowering period is likely to meet.
According to the prediction of flowering period, if there is no meeting adjustment measures, such measures as fertility increase, water increase, and phosphorus spraying outside the roots are used for the parent who has late blossom, and birth control (without fertilization, irrigation, etc.) is taken for the early parent. , to encourage the flowering period to meet. The flowering time of the male and female parents of Xinza 6 was basically consistent. The father was slightly younger than the mother's one to two days later. The male parent was fertilized in advance at the seedling stage and the leaves were sprayed with fertilizer twice. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate was 200 g. / Acres, urea 150 g / acre and other high-efficiency fertilizers to promote the rapid development of the paternal, so that the parents of the flowering period meet on schedule, improve the seed-setting rate.
4.4.7 Detach the paternity: After the mother has spent the final time, the father is manually removed and the time is in early August. Prevent miscellaneousness, increase the hybridization rate, improve the mother's phoenix light transmission conditions, increase grain weight, and increase seed production.
5. Pest Control: There are many types of diseases, insects and weeds in sunflower, among which the occurrence of seedling pests, seed pests, and parasitic weeds is common and serious. In Xinjiang, the pests and diseases of sunflower have the following types:
5.1 Sunflower rust: generally spreads during the fruiting period after flowering. Prevention and control methods include the cultivation of rust-resistant varieties and hybrids, timely deep-falling soil after the autumn harvest, and rotating crops.
5.2 Sunflower downy mildew: from the germination of seeds to 3 to 4 times when the true leaves are the most susceptible to infection, control methods: (1) breed resistant varieties; (2) implement large-scale multi-year rotation; (3) Selected disease-free seeds for sowing; (4) removal of diseased plants; (5) seed treatment, soil pouring, and foliar spraying with 25% of vircao.
5.3 Sunflower locusts: Injury to corolla and kernels, causing severe rot when they fall. Control methods: (1) Cultivate disease-resistant varieties; (2) Spray 90% crystal trichlorfon 500-1000 solution at flowering stage; (3) Fall winter irrigation.
5.4 List: When the victim grows slowly, the stems become thinner, the faceplate becomes smaller, and the actual seeds increase. Control methods: (1) Strict quarantine prevention and control; (2) Breeding of anti-Lee varieties; (3) Cultivating and weeding; (4) Rotation of crops, sugar beet, soybean, onion, etc. .
6, the good harvest quality
In mid-September, when the sunflower seed plate is transformed into yellow-brown and brown, the harvesting period is the best. Clean up the bins on Kangbaiyin and food trucks in time to prevent mechanical mixing. Requires the driver to adjust the speed of the drum speed reducer, no more than 400 revolutions per minute, increase the de-purification rate, increase the gap between the separators, and separate the grain and the orange bar. Quality requirements: De-purification ratio ≥ 99%, Loss rate ≤ 2%, broken rate ≤ 0.5%.
7, the quality of a good seed processing:
7.1 Anti-miscellaneous: In the process of transportation, site, cleaning, and bagging, the prevention of miscellaneous items shall be carried out so that the female parent of the breeding area can receive a single receipt, single shipment, single drying, single selection, single bagging and single storage.
7.2 cool in time, anti-mildew.
7.3 Seed Quality: Seeds require water content below 10%, clarity above 98%, and purity above 90%.
7.4 Selected seeds are bagged and stored for use in Daejeon production according to the Seed Law.
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