Red Tilapia (Red Tilapia), Guangdong also known as red mullet, Taiwan called Hong Guo fish, Japan called red silk, because of its pure red color, type is like real smoke, body cavity is not black film, fresh meat, and growth Fast, high yield, good efficiency, popular with consumers. The world’s countries, including Israel, the United States, Thailand, the Philippines, and China’s Taiwan, have been raising red tilapia. The earliest introduction of red tilapia in mainland China was in 1973. It was presented to China by Chinese people of Chinese descent and placed at the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute. In 1981, red tilapia was reintroduced from Taiwan and breeding and aquaculture were promoted. In the early 1990s, the coastal shrimp farming industry was affected by diseases. Many shrimp ponds were idle. The use of shrimp ponds to raise red tilapia was valued by operators. The relevant departments introduced and selected different strains of red tilapia. Red tilapia cultivation was promoted and red tilapia has now become the main target for pond and cage culture of coastal and inland waters. For more than 10 years, we have introduced different strains of red tilapia for breeding and aquaculture promotion. We have systematically mastered the biological characteristics and breeding techniques of the fish, and are summarized as follows:
First, biological characteristics
l. Body type and body color: Red tilapia is a hybrid variation in tilapia, and heterozygosity varies in different regions and strains. Body color is pink, red, orange, orange, orange, etc., their offspring or isolated black; body type are Nile tilapia type, Onyx type, Mozambique fish type.
2, living habits: Like other tilapia, red tilapia is a tropical wide-salinity fish, resistant to hypoxia, low suffocation point, a wide range of adaptation to salinity, can live in the salinity 0-30. The temperature range is 15°C to 38°C, and the lethal temperature is 7°C and 42°C. Food habits are omnivorous and vegetative, and they are mainly phytoplankton in natural conditions. They also feed on zooplankton and benthic algae. Oligo-type, organic debris, etc. Artificial feeding can directly take bean cake, peanut cake, yellow powder, rice bran, corn flour, fish meal, and compound feed.
3, growth, reproduction: red tilapia grow fast, individual large, then the seed can grow to 150-750g. After 100-120 days, the fry can reach sexual maturity. Individuals with sexual maturity are different because of different strains. For example, 300-400g of the first mature individuals of Hongzhou Redfish and Rainbow Smoke are multiple spawning types. - 2000 tails. Juvenile fish can be transduced with methyltestosterone to obtain a male rate of more than 95%.
Second, the main varieties According to the breeder's strain source and breeding techniques, the domestic red tilapia culture species mainly include:
l. Red Nile fish: The fish is similar to Nile tilapia, and its body color is orange or orange. After being selected by the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, it is selected for high back, body thickness, and rapid growth, with a red rate of more than 75%. Individual growth is 175-25Og, the largest 470g. Although the red Nile fish is slightly slower, it is more resistant to stress and has fewer diseases.
2. Flower buds: Introduced from Taiwan, body size is similar to that of Nile tilapia, body color is red, orange red, orange red, red and black, gray, etc., body color variation is large, but growth is faster than red nile fish, individual large At the beginning of the 1990s, it had attracted producers to breed, and was introduced by some seed production units as the original species for further breeding. However, the color separation rate of the offspring of the flower buds is high and they need to be purified and bred.
3, Rainbow Stork: It is a red-tailed pink or orange red tilapia that was bred and selected in a number of red tilapia strains in recent years. It is mainly produced by some Taiwan and Fujian seed production units. Breeding, purification of the red Luohe red rate of 96% or more, there is a small head, back high, body thickness characteristics, compared to fast speed, large individuals, the first mature individual more than 350g. However, about 10% of seedlings are cultivated.
15% discoloration rate.
4. Sin Chau Redfish: Red tilapia selected from strains of Southeast Asia, with body size like Nile tilapia or Oni fish, divergent, large and transparent scales, pink or orange color, red rate above 99% , and the offspring body color separation of small cars, the winter season of low temperature or adult fish become gray phenomenon, but the water temperature rise after a period of time reversible breeding into red. The fish has the longest speed in the red tilapia, and the individual is large. The fry can grow to 500g or more, and the sexually mature individuals reach 350g. The peritoneum is white and the meat quality is particularly tender. It is an excellent culture variety worthy of promotion.
5, red tilapia color and related characteristics
l. Body color: There are many reports on the genetics of body color of red tilapia. Behrends et al. (1982) speculated that 2 or 3 genomes affect the color of red tilapia, but he and Smitherman (1984 will be Ogliaro Non-fish and red tilapia crossed to obtain 50% red and 50% black fish, indicating that a single gene inherits red color; Huang (1988) found that red tilapia body is controlled by a pair of genes and pink is shown to be black. Sex is the result of incomplete dominance of the gene; Huang et al. (1997) is consistent with the Huang result; our research and production also found that the offspring of the pink fish hybrid was a whole red fish, further validating this result. The cause of body color variation in the culture of red tilapia may be: In addition to genetic factors, there are also physiological, environmental factors and other effects on the performance of red pigment.
2. Body color and growth: During the cultivation process, the pink fish grew most rapidly, followed by orange, and the orange was the slowest. This was consistent with the results of the breeding study by Wang Lifan et al. (1999), but contrary to the results of Huang et al. (1997), this indicated that Although the growth of non-fish is related to body color, it is mainly influenced by some growth and genetic factors.
3, body color and disease resistance: found in the process of seedling cultivation of pink fish survival rate is low, slightly less adverse resistance, followed by orange, orange yellow strongest viability, especially in the seedlings during the overwintering process.
4, body color and peritoneum: body color pink, orange, orange red spots between the fish peritoneum are white, black orange peritoneal black peritoneum or black.
Fourth, aquaculture technology Red tilapia has strong adaptability, feed is easy to solve, and the population has high yield. It is very suitable for high-density culture of pond main breeding, polyculture, cages and flow pools. The main pond raising yield can reach more than 1000g, and the small cage breeding yield can reach 100kg/cubic meters.
l. Breeding conditions: Red tilapia has strong ability to adapt to water quality. No matter whether the new, old, deep or shallow ponds can be cultured, the high-yield pond requires good water source, pH 6.8-8.5, salinity 0-20‰. It is convenient for drainage and irrigation, with an area of ​​4-10 mu and a water depth of 1.3-2.5 mu. And equipped with l-2 1. 5kw impeller aerator. '
2, seed stocking: each spring when the water temperature stabilized and stabilized above 15 °C, it began to raise winter seedlings, pond disinfection before stocking, available per mu 75-100kg quicklime poison pond, about 5-7 days toxicity After the disappearance, the red tilapia fingerlings were stocked. The main pond raiser generally rears 1,500-3000 red tilapia species per acre, while the polyculture species include 40-70 tails each to control the water quality; the water-based aquaculture can lay 5,000-110,000 alfalfa; when mixed with other fish, 200-500 acres can be put; cage breeding general breeding 150-350 tail / cubic meter, in order to reduce the loss of female litter for bait, increase growth rate, it is best to stock all male red tilapia seed, but also Individuals with mixed polyculture have control over the species of carnivorous fish such as the small red plover and Californian quail. As the red tilapia seedlings are vulnerable to stab wounds, they are soaked with 3% salt water during stocking to heal wounds and prevent infection.
3, feeding management; red tilapia can eat a variety of commercial feed and pond food bait, the main feeding should be fed the full price of tilapia compound feed, feed crude protein content of 28% to 32% more appropriate; According to the "quadruple" method of qualitative, quantitative, timing, and positioning, the daily feeding amount is calculated as 3% to 5% of the fish's body weight, and it is fed twice a day, and is appropriate according to the weather, water quality, and feeding conditions. Increase or decrease.
4. Water quality management: During the process of high-density fish farming, fish droppings and leftovers can easily lead to deterioration of water quality. Therefore, appropriate adjustment of water or fresh water should be applied to the fish pond to adjust the water quality to keep it light brown or oily. Green, transparency 20-25cm. Can use 15-20kg of quicklime per acre to dip into the whole pond, adjust the pH of the pool water to slightly alkaline 1-2 times per month. The use of beneficial microbial preparations to improve the microbiological structure of ponds, control harmful substances in ponds, improve water quality, and prevent disease better.
5. Prevention of fish diseases: Red tilapia is resistant to disease and rarely gets diseases under normal breeding management conditions, but it will also die when the farming conditions are not good, affecting the survival rate. In winter and spring season, frostbite, transport, and injury caused by catching and catching are easy to cause watery mildew, and should be avoided as much as possible. The main disease in high temperature season is septicemia caused by aeromonas hydrophila. The disease is mainly caused by infection of conditional pathogenic bacteria caused by deterioration of breeding water quality, hypoxia, poor feeding, and the like. The disease can be treated with oral Kanamycin Treatments such as Suspension, Ofloxacin, etc. are administered at a dosage of 3-6 g per day for every 100 kg of fish and fed for 5 days. Prevention and treatment of fish diseases should adhere to the principle of prevention, maintaining good water quality, and managing daily feeding and feeding is the key to disease prevention.
First, biological characteristics
l. Body type and body color: Red tilapia is a hybrid variation in tilapia, and heterozygosity varies in different regions and strains. Body color is pink, red, orange, orange, orange, etc., their offspring or isolated black; body type are Nile tilapia type, Onyx type, Mozambique fish type.
2, living habits: Like other tilapia, red tilapia is a tropical wide-salinity fish, resistant to hypoxia, low suffocation point, a wide range of adaptation to salinity, can live in the salinity 0-30. The temperature range is 15°C to 38°C, and the lethal temperature is 7°C and 42°C. Food habits are omnivorous and vegetative, and they are mainly phytoplankton in natural conditions. They also feed on zooplankton and benthic algae. Oligo-type, organic debris, etc. Artificial feeding can directly take bean cake, peanut cake, yellow powder, rice bran, corn flour, fish meal, and compound feed.
3, growth, reproduction: red tilapia grow fast, individual large, then the seed can grow to 150-750g. After 100-120 days, the fry can reach sexual maturity. Individuals with sexual maturity are different because of different strains. For example, 300-400g of the first mature individuals of Hongzhou Redfish and Rainbow Smoke are multiple spawning types. - 2000 tails. Juvenile fish can be transduced with methyltestosterone to obtain a male rate of more than 95%.
Second, the main varieties According to the breeder's strain source and breeding techniques, the domestic red tilapia culture species mainly include:
l. Red Nile fish: The fish is similar to Nile tilapia, and its body color is orange or orange. After being selected by the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, it is selected for high back, body thickness, and rapid growth, with a red rate of more than 75%. Individual growth is 175-25Og, the largest 470g. Although the red Nile fish is slightly slower, it is more resistant to stress and has fewer diseases.
2. Flower buds: Introduced from Taiwan, body size is similar to that of Nile tilapia, body color is red, orange red, orange red, red and black, gray, etc., body color variation is large, but growth is faster than red nile fish, individual large At the beginning of the 1990s, it had attracted producers to breed, and was introduced by some seed production units as the original species for further breeding. However, the color separation rate of the offspring of the flower buds is high and they need to be purified and bred.
3, Rainbow Stork: It is a red-tailed pink or orange red tilapia that was bred and selected in a number of red tilapia strains in recent years. It is mainly produced by some Taiwan and Fujian seed production units. Breeding, purification of the red Luohe red rate of 96% or more, there is a small head, back high, body thickness characteristics, compared to fast speed, large individuals, the first mature individual more than 350g. However, about 10% of seedlings are cultivated.
15% discoloration rate.
4. Sin Chau Redfish: Red tilapia selected from strains of Southeast Asia, with body size like Nile tilapia or Oni fish, divergent, large and transparent scales, pink or orange color, red rate above 99% , and the offspring body color separation of small cars, the winter season of low temperature or adult fish become gray phenomenon, but the water temperature rise after a period of time reversible breeding into red. The fish has the longest speed in the red tilapia, and the individual is large. The fry can grow to 500g or more, and the sexually mature individuals reach 350g. The peritoneum is white and the meat quality is particularly tender. It is an excellent culture variety worthy of promotion.
5, red tilapia color and related characteristics
l. Body color: There are many reports on the genetics of body color of red tilapia. Behrends et al. (1982) speculated that 2 or 3 genomes affect the color of red tilapia, but he and Smitherman (1984 will be Ogliaro Non-fish and red tilapia crossed to obtain 50% red and 50% black fish, indicating that a single gene inherits red color; Huang (1988) found that red tilapia body is controlled by a pair of genes and pink is shown to be black. Sex is the result of incomplete dominance of the gene; Huang et al. (1997) is consistent with the Huang result; our research and production also found that the offspring of the pink fish hybrid was a whole red fish, further validating this result. The cause of body color variation in the culture of red tilapia may be: In addition to genetic factors, there are also physiological, environmental factors and other effects on the performance of red pigment.
2. Body color and growth: During the cultivation process, the pink fish grew most rapidly, followed by orange, and the orange was the slowest. This was consistent with the results of the breeding study by Wang Lifan et al. (1999), but contrary to the results of Huang et al. (1997), this indicated that Although the growth of non-fish is related to body color, it is mainly influenced by some growth and genetic factors.
3, body color and disease resistance: found in the process of seedling cultivation of pink fish survival rate is low, slightly less adverse resistance, followed by orange, orange yellow strongest viability, especially in the seedlings during the overwintering process.
4, body color and peritoneum: body color pink, orange, orange red spots between the fish peritoneum are white, black orange peritoneal black peritoneum or black.
Fourth, aquaculture technology Red tilapia has strong adaptability, feed is easy to solve, and the population has high yield. It is very suitable for high-density culture of pond main breeding, polyculture, cages and flow pools. The main pond raising yield can reach more than 1000g, and the small cage breeding yield can reach 100kg/cubic meters.
l. Breeding conditions: Red tilapia has strong ability to adapt to water quality. No matter whether the new, old, deep or shallow ponds can be cultured, the high-yield pond requires good water source, pH 6.8-8.5, salinity 0-20‰. It is convenient for drainage and irrigation, with an area of ​​4-10 mu and a water depth of 1.3-2.5 mu. And equipped with l-2 1. 5kw impeller aerator. '
2, seed stocking: each spring when the water temperature stabilized and stabilized above 15 °C, it began to raise winter seedlings, pond disinfection before stocking, available per mu 75-100kg quicklime poison pond, about 5-7 days toxicity After the disappearance, the red tilapia fingerlings were stocked. The main pond raiser generally rears 1,500-3000 red tilapia species per acre, while the polyculture species include 40-70 tails each to control the water quality; the water-based aquaculture can lay 5,000-110,000 alfalfa; when mixed with other fish, 200-500 acres can be put; cage breeding general breeding 150-350 tail / cubic meter, in order to reduce the loss of female litter for bait, increase growth rate, it is best to stock all male red tilapia seed, but also Individuals with mixed polyculture have control over the species of carnivorous fish such as the small red plover and Californian quail. As the red tilapia seedlings are vulnerable to stab wounds, they are soaked with 3% salt water during stocking to heal wounds and prevent infection.
3, feeding management; red tilapia can eat a variety of commercial feed and pond food bait, the main feeding should be fed the full price of tilapia compound feed, feed crude protein content of 28% to 32% more appropriate; According to the "quadruple" method of qualitative, quantitative, timing, and positioning, the daily feeding amount is calculated as 3% to 5% of the fish's body weight, and it is fed twice a day, and is appropriate according to the weather, water quality, and feeding conditions. Increase or decrease.
4. Water quality management: During the process of high-density fish farming, fish droppings and leftovers can easily lead to deterioration of water quality. Therefore, appropriate adjustment of water or fresh water should be applied to the fish pond to adjust the water quality to keep it light brown or oily. Green, transparency 20-25cm. Can use 15-20kg of quicklime per acre to dip into the whole pond, adjust the pH of the pool water to slightly alkaline 1-2 times per month. The use of beneficial microbial preparations to improve the microbiological structure of ponds, control harmful substances in ponds, improve water quality, and prevent disease better.
5. Prevention of fish diseases: Red tilapia is resistant to disease and rarely gets diseases under normal breeding management conditions, but it will also die when the farming conditions are not good, affecting the survival rate. In winter and spring season, frostbite, transport, and injury caused by catching and catching are easy to cause watery mildew, and should be avoided as much as possible. The main disease in high temperature season is septicemia caused by aeromonas hydrophila. The disease is mainly caused by infection of conditional pathogenic bacteria caused by deterioration of breeding water quality, hypoxia, poor feeding, and the like. The disease can be treated with oral Kanamycin Treatments such as Suspension, Ofloxacin, etc. are administered at a dosage of 3-6 g per day for every 100 kg of fish and fed for 5 days. Prevention and treatment of fish diseases should adhere to the principle of prevention, maintaining good water quality, and managing daily feeding and feeding is the key to disease prevention.
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