In recent years, the prospect of tomato cultivation has been favored in China. However, the current tomato cultivation is mainly based on soil cultivation, which consumes a large amount of labor, and the output is gradually decreasing. If excessive use of chemical fertilizers poses a serious threat to the soil. In order to improve the current situation, the use of tomato soilless cultivation technology scheme should be advocated, which has many advantages such as energy saving, high efficiency and labor saving. However, this cultivation mode has high technical requirements. Based on this, the soilless culture techniques of tomatoes were analyzed and corresponding suggestions were put forward.
1 Scientific selection of varieties
The soilless cultivation of tomatoes is mainly carried out by means of an important carrier of greenhouses. When selecting tomato varieties, farmers should choose varieties that are highly resistant to weak light and low temperatures. In addition, in order to effectively improve economic efficiency, farmers should also consider issues such as variety yield and pest and disease resistance.
2 Facility requirements
Different from direct seeding and planting of soil, soilless cultivation is carried out, and relevant facilities need to be prepared in time to provide conditions for planting, mainly including irrigation facilities and cultivation tanks.
2.1 cultivation trough
In soilless cultivation, the cultivation trough is an important growth base and is the main place for tomato growth. The width parameter of the inner trough should be controlled at about 55 cm, the trough height parameter should be set at about 30 cm, and the actual length of the cultivation trough. To be determined in conjunction with the live situation. When installing the cultivation tank, it is required to leave a space for people to pass between the two tanks, and the gap width is about 70 cm. If the setting is too narrow, it is not conducive to people's traffic. If it is too wide, it will cause serious space waste. In the bottom area of ​​the cultivation tank, leakage prevention treatment should be actively carried out to avoid leakage of nutrient solution. After the construction is completed, a plastic film should be laid on the upper surface layer, and both sides of the film are required to be higher than the sides of the cultivation tank. River sand is laid on the film, and a woven bag is placed on the river sand, and the cultivation substrate is poured on the corresponding woven bag in time.
2.2 irrigation facilities
Generally speaking, each of the four cultivation tanks needs to be equipped with one reservoir to ensure timely water replenishment when there is no water in the tank. When equipped with a reservoir, the bottom of the tank is required to be more than 1 m higher than the cultivation tank, and the water level difference is controlled to gradually fill the cultivation tank. In addition, in order to achieve water conservation purposes, tomatoes can also be drip-treated.
2.3 Scientific preparation of cultivation substrate
For tomatoes, providing rich nutrients during cultivation is an important basis for increasing tomato yield and quality. Therefore, rational preparation of the cultivation substrate directly affects the yield and quality of the tomato. From the nutritional point of view, in order to ensure the balance of nutrition, the cultivation substrate is required to be organic-based, and the sawdust, straw and the like are pulverized, and at the same time, the fertilization treatment is carried out, organic fertilizer is added, and the slag is thoroughly mixed, and the whole cultivation substrate is mixed. In the middle, the slag accounts for 1/5, the farm organic fertilizer and the crushed straw each account for 2/5, and the special fertilizer for soilless cultivation 5 kg·t -1 is added to the matrix. After mixing these fertilizers and nutrients, it should be uniformly stirred. It is covered with plastic film to facilitate disinfection and sterilization work. After 15 days, the cultivation substrate can be filled into the cultivation tank.
3 soilless nursery
3.1 soak the seeds for germination treatment
By soaking the seeds, the parasites on the surface of the seeds can be eliminated in time, which can greatly reduce the pests and diseases of tomatoes, and is the key to improving the quality and yield of tomatoes. The germination treatment of seeds mainly adopts the method of increasing the temperature to speed up the new generation of seeds, which can effectively shorten the time of seed germination, and save the energy consumption of seed germination, thereby achieving the purpose of cultivating strong seedlings and upgrading plants. Resistance to pests and diseases, improve the quality and yield of tomatoes. When soaking the seeds, the seeds are mainly soaked in a 1% potassium permanganate solution or a 1% baking soda solution for 30 minutes. The seeds are removed and rinsed. Then, the soaked seeds are placed in a plastic bag, which can be germinated in an environment at a temperature of 28 ° C, and when more than 70% of the seeds are whitish, the seeds can be sown.
3.2 sowing seedlings
When planting, the substrate should be prepared first, the main components are charcoal and bee stone, the ratio of the two is 3:1, and the sterilized chicken manure, bee stone, etc. are mixed as compound fertilizer, among which the chicken is added. The fecal content was 5 kg·m -2 and the bee content was 0.5 kg·m -2 , and all the materials were scientifically mixed. After the matrix is ​​mixed, the matrix should be filled into the blister tray in time. The number of holes is 72 holes. One fertilizer should be placed in each hole, and the bee stone should be placed on the surface. The thickness of the bee is 1 cm. A plastic film is placed underneath to separate the suction cup from the soil. Before the emergence of tomatoes, the temperature should be controlled at 26 ~ 30 °C. After the emergence of the seedlings, the daytime temperature is controlled at 21 ~ 25 °C, and the night temperature is controlled at 11 ~ 15 °C. In addition, the seedling tray should be kept moist at all times, and it can be colonized when 3 to 4 true leaves are grown for 30 days.
4 colonization treatment
Before planting, the substrate in the cultivation tank should be leveled in time, and sufficient water should be poured into the tank to allow the matrix in the tank to absorb enough water. After the water absorption, the hole should be treated in the tank. It is required to dig two rows of holes in each tank. The row spacing should be controlled at 30 cm. It is required to plant 3 300 plants per 667 m 2 . When planting, it is necessary to ensure The matrix is ​​higher than the seedlings. After the seedlings have been planted, a small amount of water should be poured to ensure that the roots of the seedlings remain moist at all times.
5 Cultivation and management
5.1 Do a good job in fertilizer and water management
After 20 days of planting, the fertilizer should be topdressed in time, and then every 10 days, the fertilizer should be chased once. The amount of fertilizer applied is 13 g each time. After the result, it is necessary to keep the fertilizer every 7 days. The amount of fertilizer applied is 25 g. Spreading the fertilizer evenly 5 cm from the root of the plant will allow the fertilizer to slowly penetrate into the matrix with the water.
5.2 Temperature and illumination
After the planting is completed, the daytime temperature should be controlled at around 24 °C, and the nighttime temperature should be controlled at around 13 °C. After the fruit is set, the daytime temperature is controlled at around 27 °C, and the nighttime temperature is controlled at around 11 °C. When the winter is severe, the temperature in the shed should reach 30 °C, and no large ventilation can be done. After the harsh winter, it can return to the normal temperature range.
5.3 Pruning and hanging
When the tomato plant grows to the six or seven leaves, the plastic rope of polypropylene can be used for the vine decoration, the upper end of the rope is fixed on the wire of the greenhouse shelf, and the lower end is fixed on the base of the stem. It is required that the slings and stems are intertwined to ensure that the tomato plants can maintain the vertical upright growth. When the pruning is completed, only the main axis is retained, and the side branches in the leaf mites are removed in time, and the forks should be forked when the side branches are about 13 cm long.
5.4 Do a good job of maintaining flowers and fruits
In order to achieve the effect of preserving flowers and fruits, the use of 2,4-D solution with a concentration of 15% is carried out at 7:00-9:00 am to facilitate the fruit set rate of tomatoes. In order to strictly control the quality of the tomato fruit, only 3 to 4 fruits per plant can be left, and other flowers and fruits can be removed.
The above is the main point of tomato soilless cultivation. This soilless cultivation technique is more suitable for vegetable farmers in the southern region. Friends who need it can come to Huinong.com to learn!
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