Taiwan's export market for Phalaenopsis is mainly Japan, Europe and the United States. Most of the world's phalaenopsis origin is in the northern hemisphere, and in winter it is at a low temperature. Therefore, the flowering physiology is a natural reminder of flowers. Most big flowers gradually extract pedicels from November to January every year, and flowering gradually from February to April. The export of orchids is mainly seedlings. Japan’s request is to provide sufficient seedlings for nutrition, and Europe and the United States originally purchased peduncle seedlings that have elicited peduncles. Due to the quality of peduncle seedlings after transportation, in recent years, some European and American orchids have begun to require the import of big seedlings without pedicels. The Japanese phalaenopsis market will be sold in July as the big month. The flower assembles in the orchid ritual basket in July must begin to open at the end of June. Therefore, from February to March, the seedlings will enter the seedlings, after a month of recuperation. Flowering on the moon, flowering from three months to four months. Because in the period from February to March this year, Taiwan's seedlings were subjected to natural low-temperature flowering in winter, and almost no large seedlings were supplied, resulting in an empty window period for seedlings. The ideal anti-flowering technology must meet the following conditions: 1. Anti-flowering treatment technology does not affect the health status of orchid seedlings. Growth potential and nutrient content are not lost. 2. After the anti-flowering treatment is stopped, the reproductive growth of orchid seedlings is easily induced and the stemming effect is quickly achieved. 3. The anti-flowering technology has a high success rate of at least 90%. 4. This technology is easy to implement on a large scale and it is implemented in a mechanized and automated manner, avoiding too much manpower requirement. 5. The cost is within a reasonable range. In the past, orchid flowering research projects focused on flowering, and research on anti-flowering has not been described in previous research literature. The Physiology of Tropical Orchids in Relation to the Industry, Chapter 6 "Control of Flowering", by the National University of Singapore, Hew and Yong, is the most complete in terms of the flowering physiology of orchids. Part of this article has been completed. Please refer to the orchid industry's major items under "Lang Orchid Cultivation Physiology and Orchid Flowering Control" in this website content. For domestic orchids, tests conducted against flowers were conducted through field investigations. The results of the test were as follows: (a) The high-temperature treatment was conducted at a high temperature. The temperature of the greenhouse in winter was maintained at 27°C or more day and night, and the species was Amabilis. The main problem is that the proportion of anti-flowering is not high, and the number of flowers opened later is reduced. Therefore, a large number of materials are used for anti-flowering treatment and unselected plants are sold. This method is not suitable for business operations. (B), warming and hormone treatment of this anti-flowering treatment in the winter after the spring of February, heating and hormone application. Resistance to flowering can be as high as 80%, but orchids treated with hormones have a high proportion of malformed flowers after flowering. (III) Fertilizer control methods The fertilizer management method used to increase nitrogen fertilizer (N) and phosphate fertilizer (P) while reducing potassium (K) fertilizer. This technical result shows that flowering can be effectively suppressed, but large seedlings are sent to this way after treatment. In the Japanese market, the flowering mechanism could not be restored within a period of one to two months, and the flowering period was delayed for several months, thus losing the value of commodities. Based on the above methods, it can be seen that the traditional treatment of the industry is based on a single technology. For example, warming, using hormones, or changing fertilizer ingredients. Orchid itself is a complex living body. It is very convenient to manage operations with a single treatment method. However, from the perspective of crop physiology, it will seriously interfere with the normal growth of orchid seedlings. Therefore, a reasonable anti-flowering technology should adopt a comprehensive approach, the use of species selection, fertilizer management, and environmental control mode of temperature control, so that the blue seedlings maintain nutrient growth and will not be transformed into vernalization stemming phenomenon. In the period when flowering is required, the use of anti-flowering techniques is stopped and Lan Miao can start to pull the stems. Therefore, the flowering period of orchids can be controlled by growers. According to the traditional flowering experience of the Yilan community, a large proportion of good seedlings with good vegetative growth are given a high proportion of potash fertilizer before flowering, and the greenhouse maintains a stronger light quantity than usual. The time is nearly one month. Then the cold treatment is used to carry out the flowering operation. Therefore, Phalaenopsis seedlings are transformed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The basic conditions include: 1. Sufficient nutrients (including its own dry matter accumulation and N, P, K ratio) 2. Temperature below a certain limit 3. Variety characteristics The anti-flowering technology is the opposite, so that the blue plant does not extract the pedicel. The Department of Biological Systems Engineering began this anti-flowering technology research in 2001. However, no official funding was available to support such research. Therefore, it has to be organized by the basic data of the original physiological research and the observation data of the industry in the winter heating anti-flowering. The preliminary results are described below. In domestically cultivated Phalaenopsis species, only a few strains do not require flowering mechanisms to undergo vernalization (low temperature) treatment. This type of phalaenopsis is dominated by safflowers, and almost all of them are hybridized with Doriful orchids. Origin for Nantou, Yunlin, Chiayi. This orchid environment has a wide range of adaptability, and facilities can grow well without fans and water walls. The flowering period is one year or even two times. However, flower shape is not beautiful, and flowering habits are not neat, so it is not suitable for mass production. Most varieties require low temperature treatment to extract pedicels, and Phalaenopsis strains can be divided into five categories according to their needs for temperature. Each type of strain has its suitable day and night temperatures called Td and Tn. For vernalization, the required low temperature has a certain relationship with the original Td and Tn values. The demand for the day is to push the low temperature value to T1 and the low temperature value to be T2 at night. But the temperature that Phalaenopsis can tolerate has its limit. Excessive low temperature does not help the orchid seedlings to extract pedicels, but damages the blue seedlings. For seedlings, the strains produced in the same batch have different physiological characteristics. In the flowering test, the stemming rate was mainly used as a comparison standard, and the stemming rate gradually increased with the low temperature time. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish between environmental impacts or self-discrepancies with data from trials of seedlings. For the divided seedlings, the growth habits were neat, and the effect of low temperature treatment on the stemming rate was significant. In this study, the seedlings were observed. In the relevant anti-flowering test, the temperature in the greenhouse is a quantitative index that influences the stemming, which is called cumulative low temperature. And it is most appropriate to use hourly calculations. The calculation formula for daytime low temperature accumulation (AD) is as follows: T1 AD =i is the daytime hour, and Ta is the temperature in the greenhouse during the i hour. The calculation formula for the night low temperature accumulation (AN) is as follows: AN = j is the night hours, and Tb is the temperature in the greenhouse during the jth hour. The relationship between the peduncle and the cumulative temperature of Phalaenopsis is summarized as follows. The daily low-temperature accumulation (AD) and nocturnal low-temperature accumulation (AN) are described and divided into the following four categories: (1) The sum of AD and AN is greater than the specified value . The daytime temperature and nighttime temperature in the greenhouse are lower than the specific flowering temperature. (b) Daytime low temperature treatment (AD) is not a major influence factor, and nocturnal hypothermia treatment (AN) is the main affecting factor. If it is greater than a specific value, the pedicel is extracted. In order to extract pedicels, it is required to maintain low temperatures at night. (3) Daytime low-temperature treatment (AD) is the main factor, and when it is greater than a certain value, pedicels are extracted. Nighttime low temperature is less important. If the greenhouse temperature cannot be lower than the flowering temperature in the daytime, nocturnal low temperature treatment will have little effect on flowering. (d) Accumulation of Temperature Regardless of daytime or nighttime, as long as the accumulated amount of low temperature in either day or night is lower than a certain value, it can prompt pedicels. From the above flowering conditions, it can be seen that the anti-flowering environmental control technology can be adjusted by the flowering characteristics of each line. The first type of strains: Because of the low temperature during the day/night, the flowering effect can be suppressed by heating at daytime or nighttime. The second type of strain: the cumulative amount at night is the main influence factor, so the pedunculated stem was inhibited by night heating. The third type of strain: the cumulative amount of days is the main influence factor, and the anti-flowering effect is achieved by means of warming day. Type 4 strains: Because the low temperature effect of day or night will affect the flowering rate, it is necessary to suppress the flowering to heat up day and night. The above research results show that the best resistance to flowering needs can be achieved by using the variety characteristics and heating technology. The domestic orchid industry failed to suppress the flowering effect in the anti-flowering test. There are two basic reasons: 1. Warming range In order to achieve anti-flowering requirements, although warming has been performed, the warming start date is too late, and the warming setting is not appropriate. The orchid strain still produces a low-temperature cumulative value, so the pedicels are gradually extracted and fail to achieve the anti-flowering effect. The higher the suitable cultivation temperature of orchid strains, the more it belongs to the high-temperature strains, and the more serious this phenomenon is. 2. Warming setting is too high: High temperature treatment is applied to both day and night. Although the effect of suppressing stemming is achieved for some species, the dry matter is lost due to the high temperature at night and the strong respiratory effect. After this high temperature treatment, the plants have poor quality after flowering. Therefore, for the anti-flowering, but also to maintain the health requirements of blue orchid plants, reasonable techniques are as follows: 1. To understand the best cultivation environment of orchid strains, including daytime temperature, night temperature, light, photoperiod and so on. 2. From the above-mentioned environment for vegetative growth, understand the effect of temperature required for flowering and low temperature accumulation at day/night on the pedicel extraction. 3. Plant appropriate fertilization. In the period of large seedlings, the composition of fertilizers and the amount of light were adjusted according to future sales dates to promote plant maturity. 4. When the atmospheric temperature is too low during all cultivation periods, warming techniques are used to maintain the blue seedlings without "low temperature accumulation" effect. The key to success or failure of heating technology lies in the setting of daytime and nighttime temperatures. The set temperature of the warming does not need to be too high, as long as the optimum temperature maintained at the time of vegetative growth can achieve the effect of suppressing flowering. 5. Different varieties, different cultivation areas, the heating requirements are not the same, so careful selection of varieties, understand the characteristics of the varieties, appropriate species is the key to the success or failure of anti-flowering operations. 6. In order to save the heating cost, the gas tightness of the greenhouse and the thermal insulation properties of the coating material must be specially considered. If the relative humidity caused by the heating operation is too low, it is necessary to make up for the humidification operation. The above discussion is the result of the study from 2002 to the first half of 2003. More detailed research is continuing. Thank you for their assistance in order to complete this preliminary teaching. More than a year of research has verified the "knowledge of the characteristics of varieties" that is the key to the success or failure of orchid cultivation. The domestic Phalaenopsis strains can be divided into five large scales according to their optimum daytime and nighttime cultivation temperatures. According to the needs of its daily lighting period, it is divided into two types. According to the amount of light demand is divided into three types. So there are at least 30 combinations. This is also one of the reasons for the diversity of this orchid cultivation, and it also proves that the study of Lanzhou is not easy.
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