Editor's note: Alfalfa is the king of pasture and is a protein forage crop with a long history of cultivation, wide application, and high quality. Alfalfa is one of the earliest cultivated pastures in Gansu Province. It has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years, and its planting area has reached more than 1,000 mu, ranking first in the country. Oats, also known as bell buckwheat, fragrant wheat, and husked oats, are excellent forage wheat. crop. Grain protein content is generally 14% to 15%, up to 19%. Stems are soft and leaves are thick, and all kinds of livestock and poultry prefer to eat. In China, it has a long history of cultivation and has formed many local varieties. The planting area in our province has reached more than 1 million mu. This report focuses on the technology of wolfberry and oat cultivation, so stay tuned!
Alfalfa
First, planting technology
(I) Land preparation
Encountered acid, alkali, heavy salt, sticky weight and stagnant water. Acidic soil requires lime or limestone powder. Strong alkaline soils above pH 8.5 need to be treated with sulfur or gypsum and then rinsed with water. Heavy salt soils containing 0.3% or more salt must be washed and drained. Too sticky soil should be mixed with sand, and the drainage system should be established in the easy-water plots.
The seeds are small and the requirements for site preparation are relatively strict. It should be deeply ploughed, finely chopped, smoothed and compacted. Deep ploughing facilitates root growth. Thinning, smoothing and compaction help control the depth of sowing and germination. Compaction can also avoid the "hanging root" phenomenon that often occurs during natural sinking.
(two) sowing technology
1. Inoculation with rhizobia should use special rhizobium for rhizobia and inoculate rhizobia before seeding. The inoculation method includes coating, seed dressing and soaking, and the coating effect is ideal.
2. Select the sowing date In general, early spring in cold regions, autumn in warm regions, and rainy season in drought-free areas are the best sowing dates for alfalfa.
The harvest time of the previous crop in the multiple cropping area is a hard constraint for the selection of loquat seeding time.
3. Select seeding mode drill. Facilitate field management, widely used. Forage production spacing is usually 15 to 30 centimeters; seed production is appropriate to about 90 centimeters.
Broadcasting. It is convenient for field machinery operation and widely used; low-grass sowing in dry areas is convenient for flood irrigation; sorghum sowing in rainy areas is convenient for drainage; ridge sowing is conducive to raising ground temperature in the early spring, and is convenient for furrow irrigation and gully drainage, and the effect of reducing water and soil loss is also available on the slope; Irrigating the furrows in areas without irrigation benefits the emergence and accumulation of rainwater.
Protect seeding. Applicable to high-cold areas, often used with broadcast annual conservation crops, such as rape, oats, etc., can inhibit weed growth, reduce water and soil erosion.
The whole film covered soil sowing. Before sowing, after fertilizing and deep-stumping, the agricultural film was used to cover the entire ground, and a layer of fine cotton soil with a thickness of about 1 cm was evenly laid on the membrane, and then a dry farming system was sown with a sowing machine. This method can inhibit the growth of weeds, reduce the loss of surface water, and increase the emergence rate.
4. Determine the seeding rate of 1 kg/mu when the sowing amount is normal. When the soil properties are good, the fine soil preparation and the climate are more suitable, the seeding rate can be reduced to 0.8 kg/mu. On the contrary, when the planting conditions are poor, the seeding rate should be increased to 1.2 kg/mu or more. Sowing rate should be increased by about 20% when broadcasting. The seeding rate for seed planting grassland establishment is only 0.2 kg/mu.
5. Determine the seeding depth. The seed is small, the appropriate sowing depth (covering thickness) is 1 cm; more than 3 cm emerges slowly, the emergence rate decreases, and the seedlings are weak.
6. Repression after sowing and sowing can make the seed and the soil contact closely, which is conducive to the seed germination. The repression also has the function of lifting hoe, which helps the superficial soil where the seed is located to keep it moist.
(III) Water and Fertilizer Management
1. Irrigation Irrigation requirements vary depending on the cultivation area. The Hexi Corridor is about 600-1200 mm, and it gradually increases from east to west. The rest of the northwest is about 100-800 mm, and it gradually increases from southeast to northwest.
The depth of irrigation is usually 600 to 1000 mm. The maximum irrigating quota for earthworms is usually 60 to 100 mm.
Spring drought is common in the north, and the first phase is the key irrigation period. Soil moisture in cold regions is very important for wintering, and winter irrigation is required before freezing. There is very little precipitation in the northwestern desert climate zone, and all crickets should be irrigated on demand. The number of irrigations is mainly determined by irrigation quotas, 5 to 10 times per year in the Northwest.
2. Fertilization
(1) Organic fertilizer. Organic matter content is one of the most important indicators of soil fertility, and organic matter content must be maintained at a high level by applying organic fertilizer. Application of organic fertilizer 3000 kg / mu, about the increase of soil organic matter content of 0.2%. The organic fertilizer should be applied uniformly on the entire tillage layer.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer. Alfalfa root nodules have strong nitrogen fixation and generally do not require nitrogenous fertilizers. However, when soil nitrogen is too low, you can consider applying a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer before planting. When sowing can be used as a seed fertilizer, the application rate should be 0 to 5 kg/mu.
(3) Phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur fertilizers. Nutrient application rate. The recommended application rates of P, K, Ca, Mg and S in alfalfa were determined based on the available soil nutrient abundance index and the target yield nutrient removal.
Fertilization method. For phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, the fertilizer required for 3 to 5 years may be applied to the soil as a base fertilizer once before sowing, and may also be combined with a base application and a topdressing application. Potash fertilizer is applied once a year. The first year is suitable for the base and the rest of the year is topdressed. Rain-fed agriculture should be chased after the rainy season. Irrigating meadows can be applied after the harvest in the rainy season, and can also be applied before irrigation or after cutting. There are three types of commonly used topdressing methods: one is the application of trenching between rows, a depth of 5 to 10 centimeters, covering the soil; the second is the uniform application of the surface; and the third is the application of dissolved water, which dissolves the fertilizer in irrigation water and infiltrates the soil with water. .
(IV) Prevention and control of diseases and weeds
The principle of prevention and control of diseases, insects, and weeds is: prevention as the main, comprehensive prevention and control; safety, efficiency, economy, and simplicity. The precautions are: no pesticides shall be used in the first half of the month before harvesting or grazing.
1. Disease prevention and treatment
(1) Rust. Plant density is too high, lodging, humidity in the field, prone to the disease. In the early stage of disease, use 20% of Triadimefon EC 1000 to 1500 times, or 75% of chlorothalonil (Dacron) wettable powder 600 times, or 70% of Mancozeb (dust) wettable powder 600 times to spray. According to the disease, it was sprayed once every 7-10 days.
(2) Downy mildew. The disease is prone to occur in cool and humid conditions. In the early stage of disease, use 65% dexamethasone wettable powder 400 to 500 times, or 70% mancozeb (big) wettable powder 400 to 600 times, or 72% 普力(fermilabine) g water The agent is sprayed with 600-800 times solution.
(3) Powdery mildew. Warm, large temperature difference between day and night, prone to the disease under wet conditions. In the early stage of disease, choose 20% Trifenin EC 3,000-5000 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl (thiophanate-methyl) WP 1 000-fold, or 40% Fuxing (fluorosilazole) EC 8000-10000 Doubling spray.
(4) Brown spot (leaf spot). The disease is prone to occur under wet conditions. In the early stage of disease, use 50% carbendazim WP 500 to 800 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl (thiophanate-methyl) WP 600 to 1000 times, or 75% chlorothalonil (Dacron ) Wettable powder 600 times, or 70% Mancozeb (Daisen) WP 600 times.
(5) Anthrax. The disease is prone to occur when the climate is warm and humid, or when the plant density is too high and the humidity in the field is high. In the early stage of disease, use 10% Shigao water dispersible granules 600 to 1000 times, or 80% anthrax fume (zinc double mixture) wettable superfine 500 times, or 80% Dasheng (Manson Manganese Zinc) wettable powder Spray 400 times.
(6) Sclerotinia. The disease is prone to occur under high temperature and high humidity conditions. In the early stage of the disease, 50% Sulfacin (Pyritidil) wettable powder 1000-1500 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl (thiophanate-methyl) wettable powder 500 times, was sprayed.
2. Pest control
(1) Hummer. In the early stages of the onset of Fuma, use a 1000-fold solution of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC, or a 1000-fold solution of 10% imidacloprid WP, ​​or a 75% solution of 25% AKTA water dispersible granules, or 3% acetamiprid (Mobi Lang) EC 2000 ~ 2500 times, spraying in the morning or evening thrips activity.
(2) Locusts. The year of drought is prone to happen. During the locust occurrence period, use 10% imidacloprid WP 2000x, or 25% AKT 7500x, or 4.5% cypermethrin 1500x, or 50% TYP ) Wettable powder 2500 to 3000 times, spraying stems and leaves. Pay attention to the back of the spray blade when spraying.
(3) Noctuidae pests. From egg hatching to young larvae, choose Bacillus thuringiensis WP (100 billion live spores/gram) 500 to 1000 times solution, or cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis (100 billion/gram) 500 to 1000 times solution , Or 24% Rice full of suspension agent 1200 ~ 2400 times, or 1.8% edante (abamectin) EC 2000 ~ 2500 times, or 25% diflubenzuron 1000 times, or 4.5% beta-cypermethrin Emulsifiable concentrate 50 ml + 40% phoxim (dibenzonitrile) 50 ml/mu water 40 liters, sprayed in the morning or evening when nocturnal insect pests are active.
3. Weed Management The seedling stage is vulnerable to weeds and sowing should be avoided as much as possible during the peak period of weed damage. For the heavier perennial weeds, the weeds should be controlled before the ploughing. It can use 41% of Roundup water agent 0.4-0.6 liters/mu, or 10% glyphosate ammonium salt water agent 1.2-2 liters/mu, spraying 40 liters of water on stems and leaves. Do not grazing or mowing within 6 days of spraying. Plough after 6 days.
Before emergence, sowing of soil chemical constitutions can be considered to eliminate weeds at the stage of germination and emergence. Can be used 96% Jinduer EC 50 ~ 70 ml / acre, or 90% Koo Naisi EC 80 ml / acre, or 5% Pu Shi Te (bean grass, bean Xerox) water 250 ml / mu, or 48 % Direcine EC 50-70 ml/mu, spray 30 to 40 liters of water on the surface of the soil.
After emergence, stems and leaves should be treated with 3 leaves of 3 leaves of compound leaves and 3 to 5 leaves of weeds to eliminate weeds at the seedling stage. Can use 5% Pu Shi Te (bean grass special, bean Xerox) liquid agent 100 ~ 120 ml / mu, or 25% Bendazosone (campazolone) water 180 ml +6.9% Wei Ba water emulsion 60 ml / Mu, or 25% Bendazosone (campazolone) Aqueous Solution 180 ml + 15% Steady-stable Emulsion 50 ml/acre, or 50% High Turk (grass Remover) Suspension 30 ml + 5% Fine Grass Acre (Quinoline quizal) EC 50 ml/mu, or 50% High Turk (grass Remover) Suspension 30 ml +10.8% High-efficiency Epimedium EC 50 ml/mu, 40 liters of water for stem and leaf spray.
After spring returning to spring, weeds can be sprayed with 40 liters of water at a rate of 120 ml per mu of 5% Pushto (bean grass special, bean Xerox) before the weeds seedling stage.
In the event of weed damage in other periods, if non-toxic grasses are considered, they can be harvested along with the grasshopper and harvested as pasture.
Second, the use of harvest
Alfalfa is mainly used for cutting and arranging hay, or further processed into grass flour or grass granules; cutting and direct green feeding is also more common; it can be cut and made silage in the rainy season where the hay is difficult to modulate; it can also be used for protein extraction.
The best cutting time for producing hay, processing grass particles, making silage and green feeding is the early flowering period. It is better to produce grass powder from flower buds to early flowering stages, and protein extraction should be cut from branching to budding stage. The height of the cut is 3 to 5 cm.
Silage silage with low moisture silage (also known as semi-silver) is appropriate. Moderate air drying after castration reduced the moisture content to 45% to 60% between hay and traditional silage. Silage facilities should be cleaned before making silage. The cellar wall should be lined with a plastic film to enhance the seal and prevent air leakage and seepage. The raw material should be chopped and the length of the cut should be 2 to 4 cm. After shredding and filling in fashion, do not delay. When loading, it should be loaded in layers and compacted layer by layer. Small-scale silage facilities are often manpowered, and large silos are to be compacted with large machinery such as tractors. Pay attention to filling and stepping on the walls and corners of the cellar. There should be no gaps. Should try to speed up the filling rate, shorten the filling time. The small silage facility is filled on the same day, and the large cellar (壕) should not exceed 2 to 3 days. After the packing is compacted, it should be sealed immediately. The sealing method is to cover the plastic film, press the waste tire on the film, or cover the soil 20 cm.
The method for manufacturing the bale-stacked film silage is: 1 drying after drying to a semi-dry state; 2 punching a high-density square bale; 3 compactly stacking in a solid and dry piled yard; 4 adopting a strong and The flexible plastic cloth is covered with strictness; 5 is pumped into a vacuum state with an air pump; 6 The plastic cloth is pressed with scrap tires.
The production method of bale-bagged silage is as follows: 1 Drying after cutting to semi-dry state; 2 Tapping the straw with higher density; 3 Inserting into a strong and flexible plastic bag; 4 Pumping with an aspirator Vacuum state; 5 sealed.
Castration at early flowering stage, crude protein (CP) content of alfalfa hay is above 18%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content is below 35%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content is below 45%, digestible dry matter (DDM) content is 60% Above, the relative feed value (RFV) is 125 or more.
Alfalfa hay, grass granules, silage, and grass are used to feed grass-eating livestock such as cattle and sheep. Grass meal is mainly used to make full-price feed for pigs and poultry, and protein is mainly used for the production of foods and nutraceuticals.
oat
I. Cultivation techniques
(I) Land preparation
Oats must be plowed before sowing. Before planting, apply organic fertilizer 1467-2467 kg/mu and superphosphate 50-100 kg/mu. The alpine region can apply plant ash to supplement potash. Tillage depth is preferably 18-22 cm. After the turn over, the land will be leveled. In the wheat field, replanted oats can be applied with urea 10～14.7 kg/mu immediately after the wheat is harvested.
(two) sowing technology
Avoid continuous cropping of oats, legume crops are its good pre-works, and pea rotation for significant yield increase. It is spring sown in North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China. It can be broadcast in autumn in warm subtropical areas. The sooner the spring oats are sown, the better. The seeds can be sown when the land is thawed at 5 cm. The cold areas are generally from early April to early May and warm areas are postponed until June. Winter oats were sown in early October.
Oat seeds germinate about 65% of the weight of their own water to germinate, so soil moisture is important when sowing. In smut-infested areas, soaking in warm water or seed dressing with 2% seed weight of carbendazim is recommended before sowing.
Drilling distance 15 to 20 cm, seeding rate of 10 to 15 kg / mu, covering soil 3 to 4 cm, suppression after sowing. Oats can be unicast or mixed with leguminous grasses such as peas and pods to increase hay and protein production. Mixed oats accounted for 3/4 of total mixed sowing, such as oats 7,3 kg/mu, peas 5–7,3 kg/mu, or oats 8–10 kg/mu, and medlar 2–4 kg/mu. The proportion of mixed broadcasting can be adjusted as appropriate.
(III) Water and Fertilizer Management
Oats grow fast and have a short growing period. The key to high yield is top dressing and irrigation. Production of grain yield 200 kg/mu or 500 kg/mu of oats, in addition to the base fertilizer, each time combined with irrigation in the booting and grain filling topdressing urea 5 ~ 10 kg / acre, high cold pastoral areas in the rain before the chase Application of urea 10 kg/mu.
In arid areas with a rainfall of 250 mm or less, watering is required three times during the growth period, and the irrigation quota is 20 m3/mu, which is at the time of tillering, booting and filling.
(d) Control of Weeds and Weeds
The main diseases of oats are smut and rust, spraying triadimefon at a rate of 5%, for 2 to 3 consecutive times. Insect pests are mainly pests, earthworms, cockroaches, wireworms and cockroaches. Attention should be paid to observation, early detection, and timely prevention and treatment. Oats are fast-growing, dense crops and generally do not require weeding. If there are too many weeds at the seedling stage, weeding can be done manually or weeding with 2,4-D butyl ester. In areas infected with wild oats, the wild oats were manually removed after heading and before seed maturation.
Second, the use of harvest
Grain oats are usually harvested at the ripening, tillering, or branching stage of kernel wax ripening at the main branch or kernels. Oat grain maturation is inconsistent and can be harvested by entering the wax ripening stage in the lower part of the ear. Seed production is generally 146 to 200 kg/mu. Grain protein content is high, is a good material for all kinds of livestock, especially horses, cattle, sheep. Oat straw and oysters have a soft texture. Their protein content is higher than that of other wheat varieties and their palatability is good. For green feeding oats, they are castrated from flowering to flowering and the quality of forage grass is better. Grass is soft and juicy, with high digestibility and better palatability. Early cuts can be cut once more, for the first time in 50 to 60 centimeters, leaving 5 to 6 centimeters, and 30 to 40 days afterwards, the fresh cut grass can produce 1000 to 1460 kg/mu. When silage is used, it can be harvested from heading to wax ripening. Whole plant silage feeding cows and beef cattle, can save 50% of the fine material. Modulation of hay can be cast during the grain filling period. Beef cattle are grazing on mixed oatmeal and pea (grass) meadows. The average daily weight of beef cattle is 0.8 kg. Grass powder mixed with pasture can be used for compound feed for pigs and chickens.
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