Release date: 2018-04-24
According to Scientific Americans, scientists at the Salk Institute in the United States have released reports that they have successfully transplanted the human brain's Organoids into the brain of another species for the first time. Sufficient blood and nutrients to maintain their survival and development for several months.
In the eyes of scientists, these mice with human brain tissue behave in the same way as their mice.
The cerebral cortex of each of the mice tested was implanted with a human "mini brain" and replaced with a partial glass skull with a transparent glass lid. Scientists use this method to understand the development of the human brain and test whether these organs will become cerebral cortical repair tools in the future to replace areas of injury or abnormal development in the brain.
Michal Stachowiak, a neuroscientist at the State University of New York at Buffalo, who created the organ of the human brain to study schizophrenia, said it was an "important technological advancement" and " An important beginning of the use of organoids in regenerative medicine."
In November 2017, when researchers at the Sorkin Institute briefly described their experiments at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, bioethicists raised the question that the organs in the human brain would have intelligence in mice. What is the impact of consciousness, even the identity of a mouse. The latest paper published in the journal Nature Biotechnology details how the organoids successfully integrate into the mouse brain and solves one of the problems: at least in the experiments of scientists, mice with human brain organs seem to be Rats are no different and no smarter than the latter.
Since the first human brain organ was nurtured by stem cells in 2013, scientists have allowed them to form structures like the fetal brain that are used to produce dozens of different types of brain cells and develop imaging for Timothy syndrome. Abnormal tissue such as nervous system diseases. The researchers hope that in revealing how the human brain develops, the class functions are better than laboratory animals or cultured cells. At the same time, potential treatment or genome editing goals can be identified under normal conditions and when errors occur.
The study involved the collection of human stem cells, which were then differentiated into brain cells and allowed to grow into a few millimeters of solids to mimic the structure of the real organs, the number of cells, and even electrical activity. However, the degree of fidelity of human brain-like organs is limited: when their diameter exceeds a few millimeters, oxygen and nutrients cannot enter their deepest cells.
Fred Gage, the head of the study, said: "In our hands, the organ stops growing within five weeks. From the tenth week onwards, we even saw many marginal cells begin. Death, over time, this change is becoming more and more obvious. Obviously, this is a significant obstacle to long-term research."
When our goal requires a longer study of brain development over three months, the current brain organs begin to shrink. The implantation of human brain-like organs in the brain of mice, giving them everything they need to grow and develop, can help solve the current dilemma.
The Solkin Institute has taken a small piece of tissue from the brain of a mouse before transplanting human brain tissue organs that have grown for 31 to 50 days in a laboratory dish into the mouse brain (more than 200 now). In order to make room. Since human cells express green fluorescent protein by genetic engineering, these tiny spots can be displayed in bright lime through transparent glass.
About 80% of implants have been successful. Within 2 to 12 weeks, these organs produce additional neurons, including neurons, glial cells (including astrocytes) and neural stem cells found in specific areas of the human cerebral cortex. By 14 weeks, almost all of the organoids formed a rich network of blood vessels that transport nutrients and oxygen, supporting the survival of organs for 233 days, and their structure and cell maturity were similar to those of newborns.
These implanted organs are also transmitting axons (the biological lines that transmit brain signals from one neuron to another) and enter the sides of the mouse's brain, not just near the side of the glass, and form The strong synapses of mouse neurons, the neural activities of humans and mice are synchronized. The main author of the study, Abed Mansour, said:
"When neurons are brought together, it means they are connected and cross-talking, forming a neural network."
However, for all human-mouse mixtures, these rodents did not become better learners than normal mice. The scientists placed the mice on a circular platform with 20 holes around them, gently guiding them into a hole leading to the escape route, and then letting them try to use memory to find the escape hole. (Other holes are dead ends.) In the first day of testing, mice with human brain organs made fewer mistakes and were more likely to find the right hole, but this advantage disappeared the next day.
Gage said: "In terms of behavioral testing, we just touched the surface. I think it is too early to provide a reliable answer to this important question. This evasive testing function is very limited, and I can't rule out other behavioral effects."
Source: NetEase Technology Report
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