Peach is a member of the genus Rosaceae, which is a perennial deciduous fruit tree. The fruit of peach is beautiful in appearance, delicate in flesh, rich in various nutrients, and is a kind of fruit that people like very much. It cultivates fruits under natural conditions, and early-maturing varieties are Mature in early June, mature late-maturing varieties in late October to early November, peaches are not as resistant to storage as apples, pears, so in winter and spring it is difficult for people to eat delicious peaches. With the development of the economy and the improvement of the people’s living standards, the demand for fruit has gradually become more diversified, requiring a variety of species and demanding an annual supply. Therefore, the cultivation of greenhouse peaches has come into being.
Peach saplings grow fast, and flowering is easy. In those days when the trees were planted, the use of sheds and sheds for cultivation immediately resulted in immediate flowering. In the second year of spring, the economic benefits could be obtained. Sunshou Town, Laixi City, Shandong Province, cultivated nectarine sheds. The second year after planting trees, the yield per year was 240 to 488 kilograms. In the third year, it reached 1350 kilograms in the spring, and in the fourth year it reached 2250 kilograms in the spring and the mu income reached 20,000 to 40,000 yuan. Zhangcun Town, HuanCui District, Weihai City, Shandong Province, was cultivated in the peach flat protection field. The second year after planting, the yield per mu was 877 kg, and the economic benefits were considerable. Compared with terrestrial cultivation, it is a high-input and high-output mode of production. A unique set of technologies has been formed in production. Here we introduce the main technical measures for the cultivation of peach trees.
I. Types and Structure of Plastic Sheds
Peach tree greenhouse cultivation facilities usually use plastic film solar greenhouses, also known as plastic greenhouses. According to the size of the tree and the expected fruits of the market sooner or later, choose different plastic greenhouses, in order to make the fruit ripe at the end of March early April, we must use winter warm plastic greenhouses, the width of this greenhouse is generally 7? 8 meters, length 50 to 80 meters, back height 2.8 to 3.2 meters, back wall height 1.6 to 1.8 meters, back slope length 1.5 meters, the back wall and both sides of the wall, usually dry barrier wall, thickness 60 to 80 cm, cost Low, good insulation effect, the pillar is generally a cement pillar, the skeleton is a bamboo-wood structure, the skeleton spacing is 60 to 80 cm, and a new type of polyethylene non-drip membrane is used for the shed film. The angle between the shed and the ground is about 23 degrees. A 60-meter-long, 8-meter-wide shed was built at a cost of about 800-900 yuan. Where conditions permit, all-steel frame-free winter-warm plastic greenhouses can be used. Walls are made of bricks, and the cost is relatively high. A shed of 60 meters long and 8 meters wide requires about 20,000 yuan.
The winter-winter plastic greenhouses are east-west and north-south. If large trees are cultivated on the land that have been cultivated for several years, they can be built on both sides of the slope.
Second, species selection and cultivation density
At present, the cultivation of peach trees is generally promoted before the cultivation, that is, through the greenhouse cultivation to bring the fruit to the morning market. To achieve this goal, we must select and early maturing varieties, that is suitable for the cultivation of varieties cultivated characteristics.
Fruit growth period: generally 60 to 70 days is appropriate, up to no more than 8 days.
Required cooling capacity: The required cooling capacity of the selected product is low, that is, the accumulated time of low temperature required for natural dormancy is short, and the cumulative low temperature time below 7.2 degrees C is less than 850 hours. In addition, greenhouse cultivation should be selected as far as possible self-pollination, high fruiting rate, a large fruit, good color, good quality, more resistant to transport varieties.
At present, the cultivated varieties are: ordinary peach: spring bud, early flower dew and so on. Nectarine: May Red, Shuguang, Ruiguang No. 1; Peach: Premature peach.
Pollination tree allocation: Although most varieties of peaches have higher self-fertilization rates, alienation pollination can significantly increase the fruit setting rate. Therefore, pollen trees are generally cultivated when cultivated. The ratio of pollinated trees to the main cultivars is 1:3 to 4 when they are planted. , Arranged in rows or spaced in rows.
Saplings are generally planted on north-south rows, and the permanent planting spacing is 2 meters to 2.5 meters to 3 meters or 3 meters to 4 meters. Planting in the early period of close planting and the subsequent planting of the variable planting method is 1 meter to 1.5 meters or 1.5 meters to 2 meters. After one year of fruiting, the septa are thinned or transplanted to other places.
When planting, combine the soil improvement with 4000-5000 kg organic fertilizer per acre.
III. Pre-stamp management
Peach trees have large investment in cultivation funds. Therefore, we should make full use of the early growth characteristics of peach saplings, strengthen their management, and achieve the goal of planting in the year. The year of flowering, the year of the year, and the result of the second spring.
1, strengthen sapling management
After the colonization, it was dried at 30-40 cm. Generally, 2 main branches per plant were left. When the shoot length reached 30 cm, it was picked up and the secondary tip was increased to increase the nutritional area.
Topping: The new shoots in other parts must be repeatedly topping and timely sparsely popping new shoots that grow too close and upright. Lying shoots of the new shoots with good angles can be used as auxiliary branches, and two-year-old seedlings can also be directly planted.
Fertilization: Beginning from the end of April to early May, fertilize 3 times continuously every 15-20 days, urea 8 kg / acre, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 5 kg / acre, watering after fertilization, alfalfa warming.
In the period of rapid growth of new shoots, spraying fertilizer once every 10 days, spraying 300-500 times of urea or 400-500 times of photosynthetic fertilizer, can significantly improve the photosynthesis of the leaves and promote the growth of new shoots. In the middle and late July, the spraying of 333,150 to 200 times the normal amount of liquid can effectively inhibit the growth of new shoots and promote the formation of flower buds. In combination with spray spraying, 300 times more potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 500 times more photosynthetic fertilizer, Improve the quality of flower buds.
IV. Coverage time
What time the temperature of the shed is increased depends on whether the natural dormancy of the cultivated cultivar has been completed or not. Generally, varieties with low chilling capacity are required. If the shed is tampered with, the shed will be tampered with, and the time for tying the shed in Hetian is from late December to late January. The earlier the coverage, the sooner it will mature.
In order to ensure full and complete natural dormancy. In the first half of December, the tarpaulin was relatively safe, and it was also possible to cool down the shed, artificially promote the dormancy, and cover the straw curtain in the late November of the summer to block sunlight from entering the shed, so that the shed temperature was below 7.2°C. In the evening, the straw curtain continued to cool for 15 to 20 days. Then it was turned into warming, and the area of ​​the curtain was gradually increased during the day so that the peach trees gradually adapted to the normal warming stage.
Another basis for the determination of the time for picking canopies is the expected time for fruit to be listed.
V. Management in Shed
(a) temperature and humidity control
The roots of peach trees begin to grow at a temperature of 5°C and grow at 17-18°C. In order to grow the roots earlier than the shoots, the groundwater is increased by the mulching film after watering for one month before the shed. After the membrane shed was covered, the underground and the ground could co-ordinate the growth. After a temperature increase period of 7 to 10 days from the shed, the temperature in the shed gradually rose to 15--20°C and the ground temperature rose to 14-18. °C, the relative humidity of the air reaches 40-60%.
During the flowering period, the temperature in the shed is preferably about 20°C, and the maximum temperature should not exceed 25°C. The night temperature should not be lower than 5°C. In order to ensure that the temperature is not lower than 5 °C, when the cold current is encountered, it is necessary to increase the temperature with a stove or light the alcohol lamp to heat it. Relative humidity does not exceed 60%.
Fruit enlargement: The daytime temperature is controlled at about 25°C, not more than 28°C, and not less than 10°C at night.
When the temperature and humidity are high, open the ventilation window and operation door to ventilate and ventilate. The vent usually opens at the highest point of the greenhouse. When the temperature is high at the later period, the vents are opened on the front slope of the greenhouse, so that the hot air rises from the top and is taken away. Heat and moisture.
(B) Lighting Control
Light is essential for the photosynthesis of plants, and peach trees are hi-light crops, so the light in the shed is very important for normal growth. When the light is too weak, artificial lighting must be used to ensure normal growth.
(III) Flower and Fruit Management
In order to increase fruit setting rate and ensure sufficient fruits, artificial pollination should be carried out, such as using chicken hairball powder, artificial powder, pollination of flowering bee during flowering period, spraying of boron during flowering period, etc., and flowering bees should be placed one week before flowering to make bees. There is a process of adaptation and the use of insecticides is prohibited during the period of release.
Thinning fruit: After fruiting, excessive fruit should be removed manually to ensure that the fruits are increased. Generally, fruit thinning is carried out three weeks after flowering. Generally, 3 to 4 long fruiting branches are left and 2-3 fruit trees are left. Short fruit sticks stay 1 to 2, a large variety of fruit should be appropriate to stay.
(D) Tree Management
The principle of tree management is: to ensure adequate nutrition area, but also to control excessive vegetative growth, promote fruit growth and development, we must promptly to sprout the leaves, the remaining new shoots topping, tipping, twisting control Prosperous and long-term, hangs the hanging fruit, improves the light condition, promotes the fruit to color.
(five) fertilizer and water management
In order to reduce the evaporation of ground water, reduce humidity and increase ground temperature, the ground shall be covered with film, water shall be irrigated before the shed, and as little or no water shall be poured after the shed.
Top dressing should be done before budding, flowering and fruit enlargement. It is better to use compound fertilizer. Pay special attention to the spraying of foliar fertilizer. Spray 10 times urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 10-15 days from 10 days after flowering. , continuous 2? 3 times.
(6) Pest control
Pests in greenhouses mainly include aphids, gray mold, and bacterial perforation.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases in peach trees in greenhouses:
1, locusts:
Pre-emergence: Spray Spearmint 3 to 5 to read the lime sulfur mixture.
After 10 to 15 days of Xiehua, the use of 2.5% acetic acid WP 1500 times to control aphids.
2, gray mold:
When botrytis occurs in the greenhouse, use 80% Speeding WP 800 times for control. It is also possible to use 10% of the gray mold smoke agent 250-450 grams of smoked shed per acre or the use of dust agents, such as: 5% chlorfluazuron, 6.5% carbose, 5% chlorothalonil, etc., use 1 per acre kg.
3, bacterial perforation:
Streptomycin sulfate 200 mg/l can be used.
The prevention and control of pests and diseases after uncovering the film is based on the progress of land cultivation.
(7) timely harvesting
The fruits of the protected cultivation are in an early date, and the more they are listed, the better the prices can be purchased. Therefore, when the fruits mature, they must be harvested in time. However, the fruits must be harvested in a timely manner, and the fruits harvested at a premature date have poor flavor and are harvested too late. The fruit does not tolerate transport, generally eight or nine mature, suitable for different parts of the fruit mature period is inconsistent, to be harvested in batches, harvested and packaged in a small package and timely sale.
VI. Management after uncovering
After the fruit is harvested and uncovered, dense shoots shall be removed on the prosperous overlapping shoots, upright shoots and crossover shoots.
For the upright new shoots with good space for angles, shoots or twists should be made to promote the formation of flower buds. Retracting the resulting sticks, rejuvenating, eliminating the main branches and other competing branches, in early August in early and late August, the new shoots were repeatedly picked up and sprayed with paclobutrazol to control the growth.
The basal fertilizer was applied in the autumn to lay the foundation for the second year's high yield. After the fallen leaves of the peach trees were trimmed before the sheds, the dense branches and the backs of the trees were removed. The perennial trees had to eliminate dense perennial branches. Large branches with space need to be short-branched at appropriate sites to control fruit tree groups and control tree heights so as to facilitate the continued cultivation.
The cultivation of greenhouses changed the natural growth rhythm of peach trees. To pick the focus of the cultivation of peach trees should pay attention to the following issues.
1, to choose suitable cultivation of greenhouse varieties, such as spring bud, May fire.
2, according to the scheduled time to market, choose the type of plastic shed and the appropriate time for the shed.
3, reasonable control of temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, the previous period to ensure that the requirements of the amount of cooling, after the flowering to ensure that the results and long leaves, long fruit, the need for temperature and humidity.
4, artificial pollination to increase fruit set rate, the use of chicken hair elastic powder, artificial point powder and other measures to ensure that there is sufficient fruit formation, thus ensuring yield increase efficiency.
5. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water to ensure the demand for fertilizer and water during the various growth stages of peach trees.
6, the implementation of annual trimming, it is necessary to control the height of the tree to meet the requirements of greenhouse cultivation, but also have sufficient nutritional area to ensure the balance of results and long trees.
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