To control brown planthopper, according to the occurrence and harm characteristics of brown planthopper, it is appropriate to use drugs, and appropriate insecticides should be selected according to the occurrence of brown planthopper in the field.
The occurrence and damage characteristics of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) are the migratory pests. They cannot cross the winter in the north of latitude 25. The annual source of insects migrates from generation to generation, region by area, and return from seasonal north to south. In the Yangtze River basin and its northern areas, brown planthoppers generally migrate after mid-to-late July, and usually form migration peaks when typhoons and other south-to-north airflows pass through the area. The number of adults each time they move in is generally not particularly large, which is not enough to cause immediate harm to the rice in the field. Normal breeding in the field for a generation or two will increase the amount of insects enough to cause harm to the rice.
Adults of the brown planthopper have a long life span, a long spawning period and a large amount of eggs laid. At a temperature of 26 to 28°C, the lifespan of adult females of the brown planthopper is 15 to 25 days (30 to 30 days at 17 to 20°C). Female adults have strong fertility, producing 150-500 eggs per head, and many (especially short-winged adults) can reach 700-1000 grains; spawning period lasts 10-15 days, and spawning peaks usually last 6- 10 days. The time required for the completion of embryonic development of the brown planthopper eggs is closely related to the temperature. The egg stages at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 28°C and 29°C are 26.7, 15.2, 8.2, 7.9 and 8.5 days, respectively, at 28°C. The left and right eggs are the shortest and have the highest hatching rate at about 25°C.
The brown planthopper damages rice can be divided into direct and indirect harm. Direct damage is the direct use of rice sap, the consumption of rice plant nutrients, causing harm. Adults and nymphs of the brown planthopper can harm rice by sucking juice. The indirect hazard is the use of an ovipositor to pierce leaf sheaths and leaves when adults of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), adult nymphs suck sap, and females lay eggs, which can easily cause water loss and sclerotia in the rice plants. The excretion of the nymphs can cause mold, and can also affect rice photosynthesis. And respiration.
Rice has strong tolerance to N. lugens, and when there are a few brown planthoppers in the field, the growth and development of rice is not affected, and it is generally not necessary to use drugs for prevention and treatment . However, in the year of the occurrence of brown planthopper, if the amount of rice brown planthoppers moved in before the middle of rice growth is large, the number of field pests should be controlled as soon as possible, and the number of insect pests should be reduced. Before the rice grows, the prophylactic use of the medium-term, the control index is generally 500 per hundred holes, that is, there are 5 or so in a hole. In the middle and late stages of rice growth, the brown planthopper prevention and control index is generally 1,000 heads per 100 holes, which is about 10 heads per hole. The rice, stalks and other tissues not far from the harvest period are aging, and the ability to resist brown planthoppers is strong, and the control indexes can be appropriately improved.
The use of drugs to control brown planthoppers generally requires the use of drugs during the peak of nymph hatching. At this time medication, the concentration of pests, and the sensitivity of the drug is strong, that is, the use of drugs such as dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos and other short-lived period of time can also kill a large number of brown planthoppers in the field to reduce the number of groups to the degree of harm.
The pesticides used to control brown planthopper are currently used as pesticides for the control of rice brown planthoppers, mainly organic phosphorus pesticides such as dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos, carbamate pesticides such as isoprocarb, sec-butylcarb, butanethiocarb, and buprofezin. Pyridoxime, chlorothiazoline, thiamethoxam and other pesticides. Different kinds of pesticides have their own insecticidal characteristics, reasonable use can achieve good control effect and the provincial holiday effect.
One trial makes sense. According to the Plant Protection Institute of Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Zhejiang Province, 25% buprofezin WP was used to control brown planthoppers, 25 grams, 35 grams, and 50 grams were used per acre, and 60 kilograms of water was sprayed, and 80% of dichlorvos were used per acre. Emulsion oil 200 ml and blank were used as control. The field was filled with water 3 cm deep before application. After the water was naturally dry and irrigate, the average control efficacy was 97%, 97%, 98.7%, and 88.5%, respectively, 7 days after application. The control efficacy was 99.1%, 99.6%, 99.8%, and 18.2% after 14 days, and the control effects were 98.1%, 98.4%, 99.3%, and -15%, respectively, 28 days after application. 28 days after application, nearly two-thirds of the plants in the blank control area suffered from brown stalks due to brown planthoppers, while the rice treated by Youlede maintained yellow stalks. Through this test, not only did the thiazide ketone prove to be effective for controlling the brown planthopper, but also the effect was good. Moreover, during the trial, the researchers found that the use of dichlorvos to control the brown planthopper caused a short period of validity, and also killed the spider and the black shoulder. The natural enemies of the brown planthopper, such as earthworms, caused the occurrence of brown planthoppers in the field. The negative control effect occurred 28 days after the application. That is, the occurrence of the brown planthopper was more serious than that of the non-medicine plant.
Advantages of long-acting medicines for sucking insects Adult nymphs and nymphs of N. lugens swarm around the base of the rice paddy and generally do not move. In the late stage of rice growth, the rice grows densely in the field and it is difficult to spray the drug to the base of rice plants. Using highly potent agents such as buprofezin, the drug can be absorbed by rice stems and leaves after spraying, and is transported to the brown planthopper feeding site to kill the pests.
According to a paper written by Dai Zhiyi et al. on "The absorption and transport of buprofezin in rice", it is reported that rice has strong systemic absorption to buprofezin. After spraying buprofezin, rice leaves Drugs can be absorbed and transported to the rice substrate to kill brown planthoppers that are harmful to the rice substrate; rice sheaths and stems can absorb and enrich the pyrazinone in the field water with a concentration factor of 24 to 35. The application of different spray methods such as coarse spray, splashing, misting, toxic soil (with water layer), and the control effect on brown planthopper are not significant. The buprofezin has a strong contact effect on the brown planthopper, and spraying and migrating methods are used for spraying. The short-term pest mortality rate is relatively high. In addition, in the case of a water layer in the field, the sheaths and stems of rice plants can absorb the chemicals that fall on the fields when applied, and after the application of the pesticides by different methods, the control effect of the water layer in the fields is better. Therefore, the paddy field should maintain a proper water layer during the application period in order to improve the field efficacy and extend the drug efficacy of buprofezin.
It is known that the long-acting drugs that are suitable for the treatment of brown planthoppers are currently suitable for the control of brown planthoppers. They have systemic absorption and long potency. Besides buprofezin, there are also pymetrozine and chlorothiophene. , Thiamethoxam, butyl sulfide carbofuran and so on. These agents have their own characteristics and can be flexibly selected for production.
The buprofezin is also known as Ulead, Pentazol, Indole, and Insecticide. It is a diflubenzuron insecticide and has strong contact toxicity and stomach toxicity. The mechanism of action is to inhibit the synthesis of chitin by insects and interfere with metabolism, resulting in slow death of nymph molt malformation or fin malformation. Generally, the effect can be seen 3 to 7 days after application. There is no direct killing of adults, but their life span can be shortened, and the amount of eggs laid can be reduced. Most of the eggs produced are sterile eggs, and the larvae die quickly even if they hatch. It has good control effect on the insects of the planthoppers, leafhoppers, whitefly and scale insects, and the period of efficacy is more than 30 days. It is safer for natural enemies and has a good comprehensive effect. The drug has been used for many years in production and the brown planthopper has developed a certain resistance to it.
Pymetrozine, also known as pyrazinone, has a contact-killing effect against insect pests, as well as systemic absorption activity. In the plant body can be transported in xylem and phloem. It is suitable for controlling most of the pests of the order Homoptera, especially the locusts, whiteflies, leafhoppers, and planthoppers. The effect is slow. 25% pymetrozine wettable powder is used to control rice planthopper, and the recommended dosage is 16-20 grams per acre.
Chlorothiophene is a new type of nicotinic insecticide with contact, stomach and systemic absorption. It has broad spectrum, high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Pests are not easy to produce resistance and they are safe for humans, animals, plants and natural enemies. .
The 25% thiamethoxam dispersible granules are second-generation nicotinic insecticides, and their mechanism of action is similar to that of the first-generation nicotinic insecticides such as imidacloprid, but they have a higher activity. With stomach poisoning, touch killing, suction effect, the role of fast, long duration. The sucking pests such as aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and whitefly have good control effects.
Carbofuran has contact and stomach poisoning effects on insects (in the insect body metabolized as toxic carbofuran insecticidal effect), with systemic absorption, long duration, broad spectrum insecticide. Currently registered for the control of rice planthoppers, Jin Haoyin et al.
Although the above-mentioned medicaments have systemic absorption, they should still be filled with water in the late stage of rice growth to control brown planthoppers. Generally, the amount of water used per mu by manual sprayer spray should reach 50-60 kg, and the amount of water used per mu by mist sprayer should be increased. Should reach 40 kg. In this way, the liquid can be sprayed on the base of the rice plant to exert its contact and killing effect, and at the same time, it is beneficial to the rice to absorb the drug and exert its efficacy. Fields should generally maintain the water layer for 2 to 3 days after application.
Imidacloprid, widely used in previous years in production, also has the functions of systemic absorption, contact killing, and stomach poisoning. It was once a nemesis of rice planthoppers. However, because of its abuse in successive years, pests such as brown planthopper and brown planthopper have developed a strong resistance to it. Sex, the control effect decreased significantly, especially the brown planthopper, the drug is highly resistant and should not be used to control brown planthopper. Although organophosphorus pesticides such as omethoate, acephate, and other organophosphorus pesticides also have strong systemic absorption, chlorpyrifos also has a certain systemic absorption, but the insecticidal activity of these agents is relatively low, and brown planthoppers have strong resistance to them. The lower amount of the agent in the plant is not enough to kill the brown planthopper. Production mainly uses the contact and fumigation of chlorpyrifos and other agents to kill brown planthoppers.
Short-lived short-acting drugs may be selected as appropriate, such as dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, Zhongdingwei and other agents of the brown planthopper fast killing, after the application of insects in the field of brown planthopper adult, nymph will die, but these drugs short duration, short Only 1 to 2 days, and only 7 days in length, there is no continuous control of the nymphs and new immigrants that hatched after the efficacy period. The use of these agents alone in production often requires multiple applications, with large workloads and high control costs.
Long-lasting potency drugs such as buprofezin are used at the peak of young nymphs of the brown planthopper, or applied slightly earlier, and have higher efficacy. However, in the field, the density of N. lugens is high, especially when there are many old nymphs and adults, which are enough to cause damage to rice. These insecticides are used at a slow rate of insecticides, especially the bactericides such as buprofezin directly kill the young adult nymphs and adults of the brown planthopper. The effect is poor, and it is necessary to use a quick-killing agent in order to obtain a rapid, good insecticidal effect and a guaranteed production effect.
From the rice harvesting time is short, taking into account the problem of pesticide residues, it is advisable to dry the field water when the temperature is high, use the dichlorvos mixed soil with good fumigation effect and short residual period, and kill the insects.
The occurrence and damage characteristics of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) are the migratory pests. They cannot cross the winter in the north of latitude 25. The annual source of insects migrates from generation to generation, region by area, and return from seasonal north to south. In the Yangtze River basin and its northern areas, brown planthoppers generally migrate after mid-to-late July, and usually form migration peaks when typhoons and other south-to-north airflows pass through the area. The number of adults each time they move in is generally not particularly large, which is not enough to cause immediate harm to the rice in the field. Normal breeding in the field for a generation or two will increase the amount of insects enough to cause harm to the rice.
Adults of the brown planthopper have a long life span, a long spawning period and a large amount of eggs laid. At a temperature of 26 to 28°C, the lifespan of adult females of the brown planthopper is 15 to 25 days (30 to 30 days at 17 to 20°C). Female adults have strong fertility, producing 150-500 eggs per head, and many (especially short-winged adults) can reach 700-1000 grains; spawning period lasts 10-15 days, and spawning peaks usually last 6- 10 days. The time required for the completion of embryonic development of the brown planthopper eggs is closely related to the temperature. The egg stages at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 28°C and 29°C are 26.7, 15.2, 8.2, 7.9 and 8.5 days, respectively, at 28°C. The left and right eggs are the shortest and have the highest hatching rate at about 25°C.
The brown planthopper damages rice can be divided into direct and indirect harm. Direct damage is the direct use of rice sap, the consumption of rice plant nutrients, causing harm. Adults and nymphs of the brown planthopper can harm rice by sucking juice. The indirect hazard is the use of an ovipositor to pierce leaf sheaths and leaves when adults of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), adult nymphs suck sap, and females lay eggs, which can easily cause water loss and sclerotia in the rice plants. The excretion of the nymphs can cause mold, and can also affect rice photosynthesis. And respiration.
Rice has strong tolerance to N. lugens, and when there are a few brown planthoppers in the field, the growth and development of rice is not affected, and it is generally not necessary to use drugs for prevention and treatment . However, in the year of the occurrence of brown planthopper, if the amount of rice brown planthoppers moved in before the middle of rice growth is large, the number of field pests should be controlled as soon as possible, and the number of insect pests should be reduced. Before the rice grows, the prophylactic use of the medium-term, the control index is generally 500 per hundred holes, that is, there are 5 or so in a hole. In the middle and late stages of rice growth, the brown planthopper prevention and control index is generally 1,000 heads per 100 holes, which is about 10 heads per hole. The rice, stalks and other tissues not far from the harvest period are aging, and the ability to resist brown planthoppers is strong, and the control indexes can be appropriately improved.
The use of drugs to control brown planthoppers generally requires the use of drugs during the peak of nymph hatching. At this time medication, the concentration of pests, and the sensitivity of the drug is strong, that is, the use of drugs such as dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos and other short-lived period of time can also kill a large number of brown planthoppers in the field to reduce the number of groups to the degree of harm.
The pesticides used to control brown planthopper are currently used as pesticides for the control of rice brown planthoppers, mainly organic phosphorus pesticides such as dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos, carbamate pesticides such as isoprocarb, sec-butylcarb, butanethiocarb, and buprofezin. Pyridoxime, chlorothiazoline, thiamethoxam and other pesticides. Different kinds of pesticides have their own insecticidal characteristics, reasonable use can achieve good control effect and the provincial holiday effect.
One trial makes sense. According to the Plant Protection Institute of Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Zhejiang Province, 25% buprofezin WP was used to control brown planthoppers, 25 grams, 35 grams, and 50 grams were used per acre, and 60 kilograms of water was sprayed, and 80% of dichlorvos were used per acre. Emulsion oil 200 ml and blank were used as control. The field was filled with water 3 cm deep before application. After the water was naturally dry and irrigate, the average control efficacy was 97%, 97%, 98.7%, and 88.5%, respectively, 7 days after application. The control efficacy was 99.1%, 99.6%, 99.8%, and 18.2% after 14 days, and the control effects were 98.1%, 98.4%, 99.3%, and -15%, respectively, 28 days after application. 28 days after application, nearly two-thirds of the plants in the blank control area suffered from brown stalks due to brown planthoppers, while the rice treated by Youlede maintained yellow stalks. Through this test, not only did the thiazide ketone prove to be effective for controlling the brown planthopper, but also the effect was good. Moreover, during the trial, the researchers found that the use of dichlorvos to control the brown planthopper caused a short period of validity, and also killed the spider and the black shoulder. The natural enemies of the brown planthopper, such as earthworms, caused the occurrence of brown planthoppers in the field. The negative control effect occurred 28 days after the application. That is, the occurrence of the brown planthopper was more serious than that of the non-medicine plant.
Advantages of long-acting medicines for sucking insects Adult nymphs and nymphs of N. lugens swarm around the base of the rice paddy and generally do not move. In the late stage of rice growth, the rice grows densely in the field and it is difficult to spray the drug to the base of rice plants. Using highly potent agents such as buprofezin, the drug can be absorbed by rice stems and leaves after spraying, and is transported to the brown planthopper feeding site to kill the pests.
According to a paper written by Dai Zhiyi et al. on "The absorption and transport of buprofezin in rice", it is reported that rice has strong systemic absorption to buprofezin. After spraying buprofezin, rice leaves Drugs can be absorbed and transported to the rice substrate to kill brown planthoppers that are harmful to the rice substrate; rice sheaths and stems can absorb and enrich the pyrazinone in the field water with a concentration factor of 24 to 35. The application of different spray methods such as coarse spray, splashing, misting, toxic soil (with water layer), and the control effect on brown planthopper are not significant. The buprofezin has a strong contact effect on the brown planthopper, and spraying and migrating methods are used for spraying. The short-term pest mortality rate is relatively high. In addition, in the case of a water layer in the field, the sheaths and stems of rice plants can absorb the chemicals that fall on the fields when applied, and after the application of the pesticides by different methods, the control effect of the water layer in the fields is better. Therefore, the paddy field should maintain a proper water layer during the application period in order to improve the field efficacy and extend the drug efficacy of buprofezin.
It is known that the long-acting drugs that are suitable for the treatment of brown planthoppers are currently suitable for the control of brown planthoppers. They have systemic absorption and long potency. Besides buprofezin, there are also pymetrozine and chlorothiophene. , Thiamethoxam, butyl sulfide carbofuran and so on. These agents have their own characteristics and can be flexibly selected for production.
The buprofezin is also known as Ulead, Pentazol, Indole, and Insecticide. It is a diflubenzuron insecticide and has strong contact toxicity and stomach toxicity. The mechanism of action is to inhibit the synthesis of chitin by insects and interfere with metabolism, resulting in slow death of nymph molt malformation or fin malformation. Generally, the effect can be seen 3 to 7 days after application. There is no direct killing of adults, but their life span can be shortened, and the amount of eggs laid can be reduced. Most of the eggs produced are sterile eggs, and the larvae die quickly even if they hatch. It has good control effect on the insects of the planthoppers, leafhoppers, whitefly and scale insects, and the period of efficacy is more than 30 days. It is safer for natural enemies and has a good comprehensive effect. The drug has been used for many years in production and the brown planthopper has developed a certain resistance to it.
Pymetrozine, also known as pyrazinone, has a contact-killing effect against insect pests, as well as systemic absorption activity. In the plant body can be transported in xylem and phloem. It is suitable for controlling most of the pests of the order Homoptera, especially the locusts, whiteflies, leafhoppers, and planthoppers. The effect is slow. 25% pymetrozine wettable powder is used to control rice planthopper, and the recommended dosage is 16-20 grams per acre.
Chlorothiophene is a new type of nicotinic insecticide with contact, stomach and systemic absorption. It has broad spectrum, high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Pests are not easy to produce resistance and they are safe for humans, animals, plants and natural enemies. .
The 25% thiamethoxam dispersible granules are second-generation nicotinic insecticides, and their mechanism of action is similar to that of the first-generation nicotinic insecticides such as imidacloprid, but they have a higher activity. With stomach poisoning, touch killing, suction effect, the role of fast, long duration. The sucking pests such as aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and whitefly have good control effects.
Carbofuran has contact and stomach poisoning effects on insects (in the insect body metabolized as toxic carbofuran insecticidal effect), with systemic absorption, long duration, broad spectrum insecticide. Currently registered for the control of rice planthoppers, Jin Haoyin et al.
Although the above-mentioned medicaments have systemic absorption, they should still be filled with water in the late stage of rice growth to control brown planthoppers. Generally, the amount of water used per mu by manual sprayer spray should reach 50-60 kg, and the amount of water used per mu by mist sprayer should be increased. Should reach 40 kg. In this way, the liquid can be sprayed on the base of the rice plant to exert its contact and killing effect, and at the same time, it is beneficial to the rice to absorb the drug and exert its efficacy. Fields should generally maintain the water layer for 2 to 3 days after application.
Imidacloprid, widely used in previous years in production, also has the functions of systemic absorption, contact killing, and stomach poisoning. It was once a nemesis of rice planthoppers. However, because of its abuse in successive years, pests such as brown planthopper and brown planthopper have developed a strong resistance to it. Sex, the control effect decreased significantly, especially the brown planthopper, the drug is highly resistant and should not be used to control brown planthopper. Although organophosphorus pesticides such as omethoate, acephate, and other organophosphorus pesticides also have strong systemic absorption, chlorpyrifos also has a certain systemic absorption, but the insecticidal activity of these agents is relatively low, and brown planthoppers have strong resistance to them. The lower amount of the agent in the plant is not enough to kill the brown planthopper. Production mainly uses the contact and fumigation of chlorpyrifos and other agents to kill brown planthoppers.
Short-lived short-acting drugs may be selected as appropriate, such as dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, Zhongdingwei and other agents of the brown planthopper fast killing, after the application of insects in the field of brown planthopper adult, nymph will die, but these drugs short duration, short Only 1 to 2 days, and only 7 days in length, there is no continuous control of the nymphs and new immigrants that hatched after the efficacy period. The use of these agents alone in production often requires multiple applications, with large workloads and high control costs.
Long-lasting potency drugs such as buprofezin are used at the peak of young nymphs of the brown planthopper, or applied slightly earlier, and have higher efficacy. However, in the field, the density of N. lugens is high, especially when there are many old nymphs and adults, which are enough to cause damage to rice. These insecticides are used at a slow rate of insecticides, especially the bactericides such as buprofezin directly kill the young adult nymphs and adults of the brown planthopper. The effect is poor, and it is necessary to use a quick-killing agent in order to obtain a rapid, good insecticidal effect and a guaranteed production effect.
From the rice harvesting time is short, taking into account the problem of pesticide residues, it is advisable to dry the field water when the temperature is high, use the dichlorvos mixed soil with good fumigation effect and short residual period, and kill the insects.
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