Different breeds, strains, chicks in different growing seasons, environmental factors, and environmental factors have different degrees of influence on them, so the degree of control is also focused. All these are often closely related to the physiological characteristics of chickens in different stages of growth. Living environment temperature
The body temperature of chicks within 10 days after hatching was 1.4°C~1.68°C lower than that of chickens. The rapid temperature rise of fast feathers is faster, and the slower long feathers often do not reach the body temperature of the chicken until 15 days of age. The physiological characteristics of the chicks indicate that its ability to regulate body temperature is weak. In a certain stage, chick embryos and body temperature at the beginning of the hatching process rise and fall as the ambient temperature rises and falls. Physiologically this phenomenon is of particular importance for the brooding worker in mastering the laws of chick cultivation. Therefore, when the chicks are moved to a cool environment, the body temperature and metabolic rate are reduced. After 15 days to 20 days of age, the temperature regulation mechanism of the chicks is well developed before the body temperature can be kept constant. This is the early chicks. One of the reasons why the temperature of the living environment is higher than that of a chicken. Villi insulation performance
The outer layer of the hatched chicks is covered with a layer of villi, and the hair length is 1.0 cm to 1.5 cm. It is the outermost insulation layer of the chick body. However, the layer is very thin, and it is difficult to achieve a sufficient thickness to form an air heat insulation layer, and the heat insulation performance is very poor. The feathers of adult chickens are very different. They include a relatively solid texture of the plumes (including the roots of the plumes and the axis of the plumes), and neat feathers from the plume. The feathers are arranged semi-overlay on the chicken's epidermis in the direction of the chicken's tail. It can also be contracted or relaxed under the control of the epidermis and the muscles of the muscles. When the chicken body feels cold, the feathers are often loosened upward to form a certain thickness, the airflow is blocked, and a heat insulation layer separated from the external low temperature is formed, which can effectively resist the invasion of the outside world and prevent the rapid temperature diffusion in the body. Its thermal insulation performance is much stronger than chicks. However, the chicks are stronger than the chickens in tolerance to the outside environment. This is one of the physiological characteristics of chicks that require both higher temperature protection and higher temperature environments.
The physiological function of the remaining egg yolk
After hatching, the chicks left behind the yolk that had not been completely absorbed. The outside of the chicken was surrounded by a transparent and blood-filled film and was a sac. It was called the remaining yolk sac. After 3 days to 7 days of normal healthy chicks hatched, the nutrients needed for life are still mainly from these remaining egg yolks. This special structure of the chick's physiology is not found in chickens. For newly hatched chicks, the smaller the remaining egg yolk is, the stronger the constitution is, and vice versa the weaker. Anatomical findings were made on chicks that died within 1 to 5 days of age: if they did not die from poisoning or crumple, they were almost all poor chicks that were poorly absorbed during the incubation process. There are also some weak yolk malabsorption chicks can survive until 6 days to 7 days before they continue to die, and a small number of yolk malabsorption of weak young chicks are due to white psoriasis, enteritis or flu and death. The weak chicks that survive can grow poorly in the future, or they themselves are carriers of the white fleas. Therefore, judging the quality of chicks is an important criterion for checking the hatching technique, which is determined by the absorption condition of the hatched young chicken eggs. After hatching, if the abdomen gets a suitable temperature, it will greatly contribute to the reabsorption of the remaining egg yolk, thereby enhancing the chick's physique and disease resistance, and significantly improve the survival rate.
Subcutaneous fat layer structure
The chicken's subcutaneous fat layer is the main insulation layer. The epidermis of the early chicks was thin and translucent. There was no fat deposit layer under the skin, especially in the abdomen, and the remaining egg yolk could be seen almost through the epidermis. Its muscle tissue is also very thin and contains a lot of water, and water itself is also a kind of thermal conductor. This superficial tissue structure is not likely to effectively block low temperatures, and because the early development of the chick's nervous system is not yet complete, there is no ability to regulate body temperature and the ability to withstand the cold is poor. The surface structure of chickens is different. It has both thicker epidermis and thicker layers of subcutaneous fat, especially with thicker abdomen, strong structural muscle fibers, and a well-coordinated nervous system. This organization is incomparable to the structure of the chicks in terms of ability to produce heat and prevent heat (low temperature).
Chicken body composition
The proportion of water and protein in the chicken body is higher than that of the chicken. The only body fat is lower than the adult chicken, indicating that the chicks have low energy storage and heat production. This is also the characteristics of the chick's physiological anatomy.
Special lung structure
Because chicken lungs have 9 air bags, the oxygen consumption and exhaust gas emissions of chickens are calculated to be 1 to 2 times higher than that of other livestock. When large-scale intensified feeding and management, it is also much more serious than the other livestock. It was determined that when the carbon dioxide gas in the house reached 8%, the spirits of the chicks showed a painful state, and they reached a lethargic state when they reached 15.2%.
The intestinal length of an ultra-short gut structure chicken is only 6 of its body length.
Times ~ 7 times (and 30 times for sheep, 25 times for cattle, 15 times for horses and pigs, and 10 times for rabbits), coupled with high metabolic rate, despite water metabolism due to variety, age, food and temperature, Digestion and concentration of feed are different, but they are faster than other livestock. It takes only 12 to 14 hours for the chicken to digest the grains. Half of the other foods pass through the digestive tract for about 4 hours to 5 hours. All foods can be completed in 18 hours to 20 hours. The water can be passed in only 30 minutes. Because the feed passes through the intestines very quickly, the frequency of chicken excretion is very high, and the organic matter that remains in the feces is also more than other animal excrement, and the nitrogenous material is also the highest. The henhouse is damp, which accelerates the decomposition and decomposition of the feces and produces a large amount of ammonia. Ammonia can paralyze or destroy the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells so that the bacteria can easily invade the body of the chicken, and the damage to the chicken is more serious than the carbon dioxide gas. It has been determined that when the concentration of ammonia in the air in the room is only 20 mg/kg, if it is kept for more than 6 weeks, it will cause pulmonary edema and congestion, and the incidence of Newcastle disease will increase; if it reaches 50 mg/kg, it will be raised after a few days. To runny nose and tears; when the concentration reaches 100 mg/kg, the egg production rate will drop by 13% to 15%, and it is difficult to recover in the short term.
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