In order to strengthen scientific fertilization guidance for spring crops, the Expert Group of Soil Testing and Fertilizing Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture combined with the characteristics of main crops requiring fertilizers and the results of soil testing and formulating fertilization projects as the main basis to study and formulate the “Guidelines for the Fertilization of Major Crops in Spring 2011â€. The general principle is: local governments should determine the appropriate amount of fertilizer for different regions and crops in accordance with local conditions, optimize the period of fertilization, use scientific fertilization methods to increase the use of fertilizers, encourage the application of more organic fertilizers, advocate the return of straw to the fields, improve the soil, and increase the comprehensive production of soil. Outstanding ability; highlight the characteristics of drought and drought in spring this year, targeted and reasonable management of water and fertilizer management, with fertilizer to promote water, improve crop drought resistance.
I. Guidance for Scientific Fertilization of Winter Wheat
(A) Winter Wheat in North China Plain
1. Fertilizer management principles
(1) According to the application of the bottom (basal) fertilizer, seedlings and soil fertility, the amount of topdressing fertilizer was determined scientifically, and the top-dressing seedlings were topdressing.
(2) According to the soil moisture content and the ability to maintain water and fertilizer, reasonably determine the amount and time of irrigation and the combination of water and fertilizer management.
(3) To seize the favorable opportunity for soil thawing in early spring and turn green jointing of wheat, take prompt measures to promote the transformation of weak seedlings and increase the number of panicles; control the prosperous fields and prevent later lodging lodging.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Severe drought-afflicted wheat fields: For wheat fields that are severely affected by drought and appear yellow seedlings and dead seedlings, they are watered immediately after soil thawing in early spring, and 7-10 kg of urea is applied per acre to promote seedling returning to early green age. , to be returned to the green growth in the jointing period after the beginning of the combination of water per acre topdressing urea 10-15 kg.
(2) Before returning green, the total number of stems per acre is less than 450,000. The three types of wheat fields with lighter leaf color and poorer growing condition should be subject to timely fertilizer and water management. The spring topdressing can be performed in two stages. The first time in the returning green period, topdressing 5-8 kg of urea per acre with watering; the second time during the jointing period, 10-15 kg of urea was topdressed with watering.
(3) Before turning green, the total number of stems per acre is between 450,000 and 600,000. The second type of wheat field with small population is combined with watering of 10-15 kg of urea per acre in the beginning of wheat. The wheat fields with weak wheat populations can be top-dressed and watered in the early stages of getting up. The suitable wheat fields should be top-dressed and watered later in the day.
(4) Before returning green, the total number of stems per mu is between 600,000 and 800,000. A suitable group of wheat fields can be combined with watering to recover 12-15 kg of urea per mu during the jointing stage.
(5) Before returning green, the total number of stems per acre more than 800,000, the dark green leaves, there is a long trend of wheat, should be taken to suppress the cultivator, reduce nitrogen fertilizer application, control groups prosperous, prevention of lodging and late-maturing greed. Generally can be applied in the late jointing urea 8-10 kg per acre.
(6) Dry-land wheat fields without water-spraying: Combine repression and ploughing, raise lice, and increase the drought resistance of wheat itself. In early spring, the soil is returned to the soil or rainfall, and 5-7 kg of urea is applied per acre with chemical fertilizer or ditching. If the middle and late fertility occurs, then 5-10 kg of urea will be applied to each mu.
For the application of phosphate fertilizer or phosphorus-deficient field block fertilizer to the base fertilizer, DAP must be used. If there is no irrigation condition or there is no effective precipitation, foliar spraying of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate may be adopted, which can play the role of fertilizer and water. Can also be covered by the application of organic fertilizers, play a role in insulation, preservation, improve nutrition, promote water and fertilizer coordination. Conditional areas can be increased by applying trace elements such as molybdenum, boron, and zinc fertilizers.
(B) Northwest Dryland Winter Wheat
1. Fertilizer management principles
(1) Combine soil moisture and seedling conditions in different regions, seize the opportunity, and adopt effective drought protection measures as soon as possible.
(2) Apply fertilizer and chemical regulation in early spring to promote the combination of control and ensure the stable production and increase of yield of dryland wheat.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Dryland wheat should be promptly taken effective water conservation measures to prevent and reduce the loss of soil moisture before the closure of early spring wheat. Immediately suppress the soil before thawing and returning to green, remove peony, and solidify the soil to ensure soil conservation. The repression must be combined with the demarcation and pressing. For dry lands that have been overwintering water, scratch the larvae before thawing and returning green, remove compaction and eliminate cracks. Before wheat closure, 200-300 kilograms of wheat or corn stalks per mu can be used to cover the rows to reduce the loss of soil moisture and evaporation.
(2) In fields where there is insufficient input of fertilizer, it is necessary to seize the opportunity to timely apply fertilizer in early spring wheat. Dryland wheat can be topped with fertilizer or combined with rainfall during the period from the end of February to March 10th. Nitrogen-free fields use 5-7 kg of urea per acre, and phosphorus-deficient fields use a diammonium phosphate 7-10 acre. Kilograms were applied to the soil using a fertiliser machine (耧). In the dry land with irrigation conditions, combined with spring watering, the nitrogen-deficient field block applies 6-8 kg of urea per acre, and the phosphorus-deficient field applies 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate.
(3) For sowing earlier, the winter pre-winter long field block caused by high fertilizing amount should be promoted and controlled. In the dry land without irrigation conditions, it is necessary to suppress and scratch the ground as soon as possible; for dry land that has been overwintering, the water should be scratched early and the spring watering should be postponed until late jointing.
(III) Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Fertilizer management principles
(1) According to the application of basal fertilizer, seedling conditions and soil moisture science to determine the amount of top dressing and irrigation, because of the land for seedlings, fertilizer and irrigation.
(2) Combination of fertilizer and water management and drought resistance.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) timely spring irrigation. Pay close attention to the weather conditions before the return of wheat, especially the rainfall (snow) situation. If drought persists, early spring floods will pick up weather, soil evaporation will increase, and wheat seedlings will need to water early when there is a demand for soil moisture. Attention should be paid to changes in temperature, and the quantity and time of irrigation should be mastered.
(2) timely remedy winter frozen wheat fields. Comprehensive judgments were made on the basis of winter frost damage and population conditions. If there are more freezing deaths in Oita, or when the population is severely deficient, irrigation should be combined as early as possible, and green manure should be applied to promote spring seasoning to ensure the number of panicles.
(3) Because the seedlings are topdressing. For late sowing, large amounts of straw returning, and insufficient base fertilizers, wheat fields that have been defertilized and yellowed are treated with 5-10 kg of urea per acre in early spring and then 5-10 kg of urea at the jointing stage. . For the wheat field where the total number of stems in the population is relatively large and the leaf color is normal, 10-15 kg of urea can be topdressed at the jointing and booting stage.
II. Guidance on Scientific Fertilization of Rice
(I) Northeast China (Heilongjiang, etc.) Cold Paddy Rice
1. There is a problem
Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers in parts of northern China such as Heilongjiang, unreasonable application period, large proportion of manure, and insufficient panicle fertilizers resulted in excessive ineffective tiller, severe premature senescence and lodging, late decrease in yield and quality, and low nitrogen use efficiency. .
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Advocate returning straw and pay attention to paddy soil fertility.
(2) Increase the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the base fertilizer so that the nitrogen in the base fertilizer accounts for about 45% of the total nitrogen application amount, reduce tiller fertilizer, and increase the application rate of panicle fertilizer.
(3) In the acidic soils, it is recommended that alkaline fertilizers be selected for the phosphate fertilizers.
(4) Potassium fertilizers may be preferred for potassium chloride, and the amount of potash fertilizer may be appropriately reduced in the field where the straw is returned to the field.
(5) According to the results of soil testing, pay attention to trace elements and silicon-containing fertilizers.
(6) Adopt water-saving irrigation and top-dressing with “nitrogen in water†to give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer and increase the utilization rate of fertilizer.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) In the rice plots with a target yield of 500-600 kg/mu, cold rice nitrogen (N) 6-8 kg/mu, phosphate (P2O5) 3-4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3-5 kg / Acre; In areas with zinc deficiency or boron deficiency, 1 ~ 2 kg of zinc sulfate per acre base or 0.5 ~ 0.75 kg of borax; in the soil acid field, appropriate basic silicon-containing alkaline fertilizer.
(2) 40% to 45% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 20% to 25% is used as manure, 30% to 35% is used as panicle fertilizer, phosphorus is used as base fertilizer, 50% of potash is used as base fertilizer, and 50% is used as panicle fertilizer.
(II) Double Season Early Rice in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
1. There is a problem
The main problem in the fertilization of early rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is high, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too large in the early stage, and organic fertilizer is used less.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Properly reduce the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the proportion of panicle fertilizer.
(2) Deep application of basal fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen."
(3) Phosphate fertilizers are preferentially selected by ordinary calcium or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers.
(4) Increase organic fertilizers and promote straw return.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Under the conditions of 400-450 kg per mu, the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 8-11 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-5 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 4-5 kg/mu; Zinc or boron-deficient areas, appropriate application of zinc fertilizer or boron fertilizer; appropriate basic application of silicon fertilizer.
(2) 40% to 50% of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer, 25% to 30% as manure, 20% to 25% as panicle fertilizer, and phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer; 50% to 60% of potash fertilizer as base fertilizer, 40% to 50 % as panicle fertilizer.
(3) Applying organic fertilizer or planting green manure overturned plots, the amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced; in the year-round land where the straw is returned, the amount of potash fertilizer can be appropriately reduced.
(III) Seasonal rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. There is a problem
The main problems in the fertilization of medium-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are: low organic manure, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, and excessive application in the early stage; basal fertilizer is applied after the preparation of water.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizers and organic-inorganic combinations.
(2) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the previous period.
(3) Deep application of basal fertilizer, topdressing “with water with nitrogenâ€.
(4) Fields in oil-rice paddies should appropriately reduce the amount of P fertilizer used in rice.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 550-600 kilograms per mu, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 14-16 kg/mu for indica rice, 10 to 14 kg/mu for indica nitrogen fertilizer (N), and 3.5 to 5 kg/mu for phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5). Potash fertilizer (K2O) is 4.5-6 kg/mu. Zinc-deficient soil uses 1 kg of zinc sulfate per acre; proper application of silicon-containing fertilizer.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer basal fertilizer accounted for 40% to 50%, barley fertilizer accounted for 20% to 30%, panicle fertilizer accounted for 20% to 30%; organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer all base fertilizers; potassium fertilizer subtilitizer (60% to 70%) and Panicle fertilizer (30% to 40%) was applied twice.
(3) Applying organic fertilizer or planting green manure overturned plots, the amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced.
(D) Seasonal rice in Southwest China
1. There is a problem
The main problems in fertilizing rice in the middle season in the southwest region are: low organic fertilizer consumption; unreasonable timing of nitrogen fertilizer allocation; excessive application in the early stage; basal fertilizer applied after preparation on the ground; most of the soil is acidified.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizers and organic-inorganic combinations.
(2) Adjust the proportion of basal fertilizer and top dressing to reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the previous period.
(3) Deep application of basal fertilizer, topdressing “with water with nitrogenâ€.
(4) Fields in oil-rice paddies should appropriately reduce the amount of P fertilizer used in rice.
(5) Choose low- and medium-density phosphate fertilizers such as calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and superphosphate, etc. Potassium fertilizer is selected from potassium chloride.
(6) In the field of soil below pH 5.5, proper application of silicon-containing basic fertilizer or base-based quicklime.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 550-600 kilograms per mu, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 9-12 kg/mu for indica rice, 8-11 kg/mu for indica nitrogen fertilizer (N), and 3.5-5 kg/mu for phosphate fertilizer (P2O5). Potash fertilizer (K2O) 3.5 to 5 kg/mu.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer basal fertilizer accounted for 35% to 55%, barnyardgrass accounted for 20% to 30%, panicle fertilizer accounted for 25% to 35%; organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer all base fertilizers; potassium fertilizer subtilitizer (60% to 70%) and Panicle fertilizer (30% to 40%) was applied twice.
(3) Appropriate application of zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer in areas with zinc deficiency and lack of boron; 30-50 kg of alkaline fertilizer containing silicon or 30-50 kg of lime in the soil with more acidic soil.
(v) South China Double Seasons Early Rice
1. There is a problem
The main problems in the application of fertilization for double cropping early rice in South China are: excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application in the early stage, and severe acidification in most of the soil.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the proportion of base and recovery, reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and implement nitrogen fertilizer to move backwards.
(2) Deep application of basal fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen."
(3) Appropriate application of silicon-containing alkaline fertilizer or quicklime in soil acidified fields.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 400-450 kilograms per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is recommended to be 9-10 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 2-3 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 5-7 kg/mu; Zinc soil should be properly applied zinc sulfate.
(2) The nitrogenous fertilizer is divided into several applications. The base fertilizer accounts for 30% to 35%, the tiller fertilizer accounts for 30% to 35%, the panicle fertilizer accounts for 30% to 40%, all organic and phosphorus fertilizers are applied, and potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and manure fertilizer (each 50%) Two applications.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the field where organic fertilizer is applied, and the amount of potash fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by 30% in the land where the straw is returned to the field.
(4) In the more acidic soil, the basic fertilizer containing silicon or alkaline lime is about 50 kilograms per mu.
III. Guidance on Scientific Fertilization of Spring Maize in Northeast China
1. There is a problem
The main fertilization problems existing in the current northeastern spring maize production include: First, nitrogen fertilization has a large area of ​​one-time fertilization, and in some areas, it is easy to cause seedlings to be burnt in the early stage and to be deferred later. Second, the time and mode of application of P and K fertilizers are unreasonable, and P and K fertilizer effects have not been fully utilized. Third, the organic fertilizer application amount is less, and the proportion of straw returned to the field is relatively low. Fourth, the planting density is low, and the number of seedlings is not enough, which affects the effect of fertilizer application. Fifth, the soil is too shallow, affecting the development of the root system, and it is prone to lodging and lodging.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) The nitrogenous fertilizer is applied in divided times, and diammonium phosphate is used as a kind of (mouth) fertilizer to appropriately reduce the amount of base fertilizer and fully utilize the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
(2) The plot with high effective potassium content and low yield level can use little or no potassium fertilizer under organic fertilizer application.
(3) Pay attention to the application of zinc fertilizer in soils with high soil pH, high-yield plots, and zinc-deficient soils.
(4) Increase the amount of organic fertilizer and increase the intensity of straw return.
(5) Promote the use of high-yielding, dense-tolerance varieties, appropriately increase the planting density of corn, increase the yield of corn, and give full play to the effects of fertilizers.
(6) Deeply break the plow bottom layer, promote root development, and increase water and fertilizer utilization efficiency.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
According to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization, classification guidance recommendations for corn fertilization with different yield levels are provided:
(1) The output level is less than 500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 10-12 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-5 kg/mu, and potash fertilizer (K2O) is 0-3 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 500-650 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3-5 kg/mu.
(3) Output levels above 650 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14 to 16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4 to 6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4 to 5 kg/mu.
If basal fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer may be reduced as appropriate. In fields with rich phosphorus, trace elements zinc and iron fertilizers should be applied properly.
IV. Canola scientific fertilization guidance
(I) Winter rapeseed in the Yangtze River Valley
1. There is a problem
The use of N, P, and K fertilizers in rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Basin is generally low, the proportion of nutrients is inconsistent, the use of organic fertilizers is insufficient, the rate of returning straw to the field is low, and boron and other trace elements are scarce.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase organic fertilizers, promote organic-inorganic combination and straw return.
(2) According to the available boron in the soil, add boron fertilizer.
(3) Appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen-based fertilizer application and increase the proportion of no-fat fertilizer.
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Output level 200 kg/mu or more: timely application of manure fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3 kg/mu. The basal fertilizer was not applied to the field of boron fertilizer. From the time of convulsions to the initial stage of flowering, borax was applied at a rate of 1.0 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 100-200 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 2.5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 kg/mu. The basal fertilizer was not applied to the field of boron fertilizer. From the time of convulsions to the initial stage of flowering, the borax was sprayed with 0.75 kg/mu.
(3) Yield level below 100 kg/mu: timely application of manure fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 2 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1 kg/mu. The basal fertilizer was not applied to the field of boron fertilizer. From the time of convulsions to the initial stage of flowering, 0.5 kg/mu of borax was sprayed on the leaves.
If basal fertilizer is applied to organic fertilizer, the amount of top dressing may be reduced as appropriate. In sulfur-depleted blocks, the top dressing should be ammonium sulfate.
(B) Northern Spring Rape
1. There is a problem
The main problems in the fertilization of spring rape in northern China are as follows: one-time fertilization is common, and defermentation is obvious in the later stage; partial application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, little application of organic fertilizer and straw return; affected by the moisture content, the quality of sowing is not high, and the density is not enough.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase the use of organic fertilizers and promote the cultivation of green manure in a leisurely manner.
(2) promote the split application of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Apply boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and sulfur fertilizer.
(4) Improve the quality of sowing, do a good job of protecting the crops, and appropriately increase planting density.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Output levels above 150 kg/mu: Nitrogen (N) 8 kg/mu; Phosphorus (P2O5) 5 kg/mu; Potassium (K2O) 2.5 kg/mu; Zinc sulfate 1.5 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 100-150 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-8 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2.5 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 1 kg/mu.
(3) The output level is below 100 //mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage 6 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 0.5 kg/mu.
Nitrogen-based fertilizer and top dressing were each 50%. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were all used as base fertilizers. In addition, it is recommended that 0.1-0.2 kg/mu boron fertilizer be applied before sowing; ammonium sulfate should be used for nitrogen fertilizer.
V. Northeast Soybean Scientific Fertilization Guiding Opinions
1. There is a problem
In the spring soybean production in northeastern China, the time and mode of fertilizer application was unreasonable, the organic fertilizer application amount was small, and the proportion of straw returning was low, resulting in low fertilizer efficiency.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) According to the results of soil testing, the proportion of phosphate fertilizer should be appropriately reduced. For high-yield soybeans, the amount of fertilizer can be appropriately increased, and nitrogen fertilizer can be promoted.
(2) In the slightly acidic soil, it is recommended to choose calcium, magnesium phosphate fertilizer;
(3) Advocate stratified fertilization. The depth of fertilization is 1/3 of the seeds below the seed, 1/3, and 6-8 cm, accounting for 2/3; when stratified fertilization is difficult, shallow fertilization is applied to the northern high-cold organic matter. Deep fertilization is applied in other areas, especially phosphorus fertilizer should be applied deep into the plant to a depth of 10cm.
(4) Applying boron fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer, in areas with less severe symptoms, micro-fertilizer seed dressing can be adopted, and it is better to mix seeds with rhizobia to increase the efficiency of grafting;
(5) Strengthen the matching of fertilization and cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
According to soybean nutrient requirements, N-P2O5-K2O application ratio is 1:1.2:0.3-0.5 in high-fertility soils; nitrogen and potassium can be appropriately increased in low-fertility soils; : 0.3-0.5.
(1) The target soybean yield is 130-150 kg/mu, and the total N, P and K nutrients in high and low fertility plots are 4-6 kg/mu and 6-8 kg/mu, respectively.
(2) The target output is 150-175 kg/mu. The total amount of pure nutrients for high and low fertility fields is 7-9 kg/mu and 8-10 kg/mu, respectively.
(3) The target yield is 175-200 kg/mu, and the application ratio of N-P2O5-K2O is 1:1.2:0.4-0.6 in high-fertility soils.
(4) The amount of nitrogen and potassium can be appropriately increased in low-fertility soils, and the ratio of N, P and K is 1:1:0.4-0.6. The total amount of pure nutrients in high and low fertile fields is 9-12 kg/mu and 11-14 kg/mu.
Sixth, cotton scientific fertilization guidance
(I) Cotton in Huanghuaihai Region
1. There is a problem
The fertilizer consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus in Huang-Huai-Shan cotton area is generally high, and the effect of increasing fertilizer production is decreased. However, organic fertilizer is not used enough, and the deficiency of trace elements such as boron and zinc occurs from time to time.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase organic fertilizers and promote organic and inorganic coordination;
(2) According to soil fertility conditions, appropriate reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, efficient application of potash, pay attention to the combined application of boron and zinc;
(3) The application of nitrogen fertilizers should be applied in stages, and the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer application in mid-fertility should be appropriately increased;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with high yield and quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
Under the conditions of 70-90 kilograms of lint production per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 2000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer in Mushi, 11-13 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 5-7 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 5-7 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O). kg. For boron and zinc-deficient cotton fields, pay attention to boron and zinc fertilizers.
35% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as basal fertilizer, 35% to 40% is used in the early flowering period, 15% to 20% is used in flowering stage; Phosphorus fertilizer is all used as base fertilizer; Potash fertilizer is all used as base fertilizer or base recovery (early flowering period) half. From the flowering stage, on the weaker growing cotton fields, combine spray 0.5% ~ 1.0% urea and 0.3% ~ 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50 ~ 75 kg / times, spray once every 7 ~ 10 days, Continuous spraying 2 to 3 times.
(II) Cotton in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. There is a problem
In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are used at a high level, and organic fertilizers are insufficient. Some soils such as potassium, boron, and zinc are lacking in cotton fields.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase organic fertilizers and promote organic-inorganic combination;
(2) According to the soil fertility status and fertilizer effect response, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be appropriately adjusted to stabilize the amount of potash fertilizer;
(3) Boron and zinc fertilizers should be applied to the cotton field with obvious lack of boron and zinc; the potential deficiency should pay attention to the application of boron and zinc fertilizers outside the root;
(4) For transplanting cotton seedlings for transplanting, P and K fertilizers are applied by hole or strip application;
(5) The combination of fertilization and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization advice
(1) Under the condition of 90-110 kilograms per mu lint, total fertilization is: 2000 kg of high quality organic fertilizer, 16-18 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 4-6 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O). 8 to 10 kg. For boron and zinc-deficient cotton fields, pay attention to borax 1.0 kg/mu and zinc sulfate 1.5 kg/mu.
(2) 25%-30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 25%-30% is used as top dressing fertilizer, 25%-30% is used as topdressing fertilizer, 15%-20% is used as boll fertilizer; phosphate fertilizer is all As a base application, 60% of potash fertilizer is used as a base application, and 40% is used as topdressing fertilizer. From the flowering stage, the weak growing cotton field is sprayed with 0.5%-1.0% urea and 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50-75 kg/time, sprayed once every 7-10 days, continuous spraying 2 -3 times.
(III) Xinjiang Cotton
1. There is a problem
The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers used in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps cotton field are on the high side, while the application of nitrogen and phosphorus on the local cotton fields is not coordinated, and the organic fertilizers are generally underused.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) According to the soil fertility status and fertilizer effect response, adjust the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the proportion of mid-fertility application, and reasonably apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers;
(2) Make full use of local organic fertilizer resources, increase organic fertilizer, and pay attention to cotton stalk return;
(4) The combination of fertilization and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, especially the integration of water and fertilizer regulation.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Under the condition of 120-150 kilograms per mu lint, the total amount of fertilization is: 50-75 kg of cotton seed cake, 14-18 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 7-8 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer. K2O) 0 to 3 kg. Under the conditions of 150-180 kg per mu lint, the total amount of fertilization is: 75-100 kg of cottonseed cake, 18-22 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 8-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 0-20 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O). 5 kg, drip irrigation of cotton fields under the membrane appropriate to reduce the amount of fertilizer. For boron and zinc-deficient cotton fields, pay attention to boron and zinc fertilizers.
(2) 45% to 50% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as the basic application in the ground irrigation field, and 50% to 55% is used as top dressing. 30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used in the early flowering period, and 20% to 25% of nitrogen fertilizer is used in flowering period. All phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used as a base. 25% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer in the sub-irrigation cotton field, 70% to 75% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as top dressing, 70% to 80% of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizer, and the rest is used as top dressing, depending on the growth of cotton with water droplets. The frequency of fertilization with water is generally 9 to 10 times, and the amount of fertilizer used does not exceed 2 kg/mu (pure nutrient content). The use of special fertilizer for drip irrigation should pay attention to the ratio of nutrients, and avoid the use of fertilizers with high phosphorus and potassium content.
Seven, fruit trees, scientific fertilization guidance
(a) Apple
1. There is a problem
The main fertilization problems in the main apple production areas include: (1) The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers used in intensive orchards are generally high, and the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizers applied during fruit expansion in spring and summer are too large, and the efficiency of fertilizer production decreases; (2) Non-intensive orchards, The amount of organic fertilizer input in orchards of orchards or economically underdeveloped areas is insufficient, the orchard soil is poor, and the ability to retain water and fertility is poor; (3) Soil acidification is common in old orchards of non-calcareous soils, with trace elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and Boron deficiency occurs from time to time.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizers, promote organic and inorganic application, and appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers according to the conditions of soil fertility and yield; pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(2) In combination with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, NPK fertilizers are applied in stages according to tree vigor and tree age;
(3) Orchards where soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying silicon fertilizer and slaked lime.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Orchards with an output of more than 4500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10 to 15 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 kg/mu; per mu yield of 3500 to 4500 kg of orchard : Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 30 kg/mu, Phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 25 kg/mu, Orchard below 3500 kg per mu: Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/ Mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 ~ 10 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu.
(2) Early-maturing varieties, or fertile soil, or small trees, or strong tree orchards applied organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters/mu; late-maturing varieties, soil thin, old trees, weak tree orchards applied organic fertilizer 3 to 4 Fang/mu, chemical fertilizers were applied in 2 to 3 batches (3 batches of late-maturing varieties). The first time in mid-March, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were used in combination; in the second, in mid-June, N, P and K were applied in combination to increase the amount of potash fertilizer; The third time from late July to mid-August, potassium fertilizer was the main ingredient, with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Orchards lacking zinc, boron, and calcium in the soil but not in fertilization in autumn, applying 1 to 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate, 0.5 to 1.0 kg of borax, and 30 to 50 kg of calcium nitrate per acre, and mix it with organic fertilizer in early spring; Sulphur orchards should be selected from sulphur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, superphosphate, etc. Sulphur may also be suitably used.
(b) Peach
1. There is a problem
The amount of fertilizer used in Taoyuan varies greatly. The amount of fertilizer, the ratio of N, P, and K, the timing and methods of fertilization are unreasonable, and the coordination effects of fertilization and irrigation are neglected.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Strengthen the proportion of organic fertilizer application, based on the soil fertility and early and late maturing varieties and yield levels, reasonably regulate the level of NPK fertilizer application, pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(2) Different varieties of spring top dressing have different periods. Early-maturing varieties are earlier than the late-maturing varieties, and the frequency of top dressing is less;
(3) In combination with high-quality cultivation techniques, in the plain areas where damage should occur in summer, attention should be paid to combining ridging, mulching, or weeding techniques in orchards; in dry areas, the use of surface covering and hole-storage fertilizer and water technologies is advocated.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Organic fertilizer application rate: Early-maturing varieties, or fertile soil, or small trees, or strong tree orchards applied organic fertilizer 1 to 2 squares/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large tree age, weak orchard facilities Organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters/mu;
(2) Fertilizer application amount: j Taoyuan with a yield level of 3,000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18 to 20 kg N/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 23 kg/mu ;k production level of 2000 kg/mu Taoyuan: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 ~ 18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7 ~ 10 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 17 ~ 20 kg / mu; l production level 1500 kg / Mu Taoyuan: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10 ~ 12 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 ~ 8 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12 ~ 15 kg / mu;
(3) Fertilization method: All organic fertilizers were used as base fertilizers after soil thawing in autumn or spring, and were applied using open trench soil application methods. 50% of the phosphate and potassium fertilizers and 40% of the nitrogen fertilizers were applied together with the organic fertilizers. The other N, P and K fertilizers were top-dressed in accordance with the nutrient requirements during the growth period; the chemical fertilizers were generally used in the budding stage of peach (early March) and the hard nuclear stage (5 In the middle of the month, the fertilizer was applied 2-3 times during fruit enlargement (2 for early-maturing varieties and 3 for late-maturing varieties);
(4) For the orchards that were defoliated or loaded too much in the early last year, extra-root fertilizers should be strengthened. Two to three times of urea can be sprayed before germination. After germination, until mid-July, every 7 days. Times, according to 2 times the ratio of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate spray, the concentration of 0.3 to 0.5%;
(5) If there is a large amount of organic fertilizer, then the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in autumn basis can be reduced by 1-2 kg/mu.
(c) Citrus
1. There is a problem
At present, the main problems in the application of citrus fertilization are: (1) Ignoring the application of organic fertilizers and improving soil fertility, the soil acidification is serious, and the area of ​​infertile orchards is large; (2) The amount of fertilizer used by farmers is quite different. The amount of fertilizer used, and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium used. Ratio and fertilization period and methods are unreasonable; (3) The lack of trace elements in calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, etc. is common; (4) The soil erosion is serious, and the fertilizer utilization rate is low.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, vigorously develop orchard green manure, and implement orchard coverage;
(2) Seriously acidified orchards, suitable amount of lime;
(3) According to the soil fertility status of citrus varieties and orchards, optimize the N, P, K fertilizer application rates, fertilization time and allocation ratio, and add appropriate amount of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc;
(4) The fertilization method is changed to apply the whole garden as a concentrated hole or furrow;
(5) Combining fertilization with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, the drought season, especially during spring drought, should be met with rain or combined with fertigation.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Fertilizer amount: j mu orchard producing over 3,000 kg, organic fertilizer 2-4 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu; potash fertilizer (K2O) 20 -30 kg/mu; k mu production of 1500-3000 kg orchards, organic fertilizer 2-4 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg/mu; l per mu orchard below 1500 kg, organic fertilizer 2-3 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg/mu;
(2) Boron or zinc-depleted orchards, applying 0.5-0.75 kg of borax and 1-1.5 kg of zinc sulfate per acre, mixed with organic fertilizer and used in autumn; pH
(3) Fertilization method: Spring fertilization (bud fertilizer or pre-flowering fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, and 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer are applied in open trench soil before germination in February to March . For fruit trees with weaker tree vigor, 0.3% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used for foliar application in buds and young fruit; boron-deficient orchards use 0.1% to 0.2% borax in young fruit. Spray once every 10 to 15 days, spraying 2-3 times in succession; zinc-deficient orchards are sprayed with 0.1% to 0.2% zinc sulfate solution in the young fruit period. Summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30-40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 20% to 30% of phosphate fertilizer, and 40-50% of potassium fertilizer are applied from June to July. Fertilizer for autumn and winter (Fetched fruit fertilizer): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40 to 50% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, all organic fertilizer, and boron and zinc are applied before and after fruit picking in 11 to 12 months. Sulfur-deficient orchards should be selected from sulphur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulphate, and superphosphate, and sulphur can also be suitably used.
Eight, vegetable science fertilization guidance
(A) Cabbage
1. There is a problem
The main problems existing in fertilization of Kentucky cabbage are as follows: (1) The application amount of organic fertilizers in different plots varies greatly, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is serious, the application amount of potash fertilizer is insufficient, and the application period and method are unreasonable; (2) There is a heavy mass in fertilization. Elements, light and medium-sized elements "phenomenon, affect product quality; (3) excessive water and fertilizer waste caused by irrigation problems are generally lower nitrogen fertilizer utilization.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application; N, P, K fertilizer application should follow the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization and potassium increase;
(2) The distribution of fertilizers is based on base and chase; the top dressing is dominated by nitrogen fertilizer, and N, P, and K are reasonable; attention should be paid to the addition of calcium, boron, and other trace elements from the rosette stage to the late stage of the ball to prevent “dry burningâ€. Occurrence of other diseases.
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation techniques, so as to give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer and increase the utilization rate of fertilizers.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Base fertilizer once applied high-quality farmyard fertilizer 2 square/mu.
(2) The production level is greater than 6500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 18 to 20 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 10 to 12 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 14 to 16 kg/mu. The output level is 5500-6500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 15-18 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 6-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 12-14 kg/mu. The output level is 4500 ~ 5500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 13 ~ 15 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 4 ~ 6 kg/mu, and potash fertilizer (K2O) is 8 ~ 10 kg/mu. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied in 30% to 40% of the total plants, and 60% to 70% were applied in two stages of rosette and early balling. Phosphate fertilizers were all applied as base fertilizers or acupoints.
(3) For the “gravity burned†lands where the previous year was severe, attention was paid to controlling nitrogen and calcium supplementation. The CaCl2 solution of 0.3% to 0.5% could be sprayed on the foliar stage from the rosette stage to the later stage. The plot can be applied to borax 0.5 ~ 1 kg / mu, or foliar spray 0.2% ~ 0.3% of borax solution 2 ~ 3 times. At the same time, 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed for 2 to 3 times in combination with spraying to increase the net vegetable rate and commodity rate of cabbage.
(B) Facilities tomato
1. There is a problem
Most of the central/southwestern regions are small and medium arch sheds, while northern China and other northern regions are mostly solar greenhouses. The main fertilization problems are as follows: (1) Excessive fertilization is widespread, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are used at high levels, and soil nutrient accumulation is significant; (2) The proportion of nutrient input is unreasonable, and the supply of calcium, magnesium, boron and other elements in non-calcareous soils has obstacles; (3) excessive irrigation leads to serious loss of nutrients; (4) continuous cropping obstacles lead to severe degradation of soil quality, decreased nutrient absorption efficiency, and vegetable quality. decline.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Reasonably apply organic manure, reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, increase potash fertilizer, non-calcareous soil and acidic soil need to be supplemented with calcium, magnesium, boron and other trace elements;
(2) According to crop yields, cornices and soil fertility conditions, rational distribution of chemical fertilizers, most of the basic phosphorus fertilizer, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer topdressing; early spring growth should not be frequent top dressing, pay attention to post-flowering and mid-late post-fertilizer;
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, adopt the principle of “few times†and rationally apply irrigation;
(4) The old shed where the soil is degraded needs to be returned straw or organic fertilizer with high C/N ratio, less poultry manure, increase the number of rotations, and achieve the purpose of removing salt and reducing continuous cropping obstacles.
3. Fertilizer amount and proportion
(1) Increase the maturity of the seedlings by applying organic fertilizer, supplement the phosphate fertilizer, and apply 60 to 100 kg of decomposed poultry manure per 10 m2 seedbed, 0.5 to 1 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer, and 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate to spray 0.5% to 0.1% according to the seedling conditions. % urea solution 1-2 times.
(2) Basal fertilizer application of high quality organic fertilizer 2 ~ 3 square / mu.
(3) Output level 4000-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu; output level 6000-8000 Kilograms/Mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10 to 15 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 30 to 35 kg/mu; yield level 8000 to 10000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 to 38 kg/mu, phosphorus (P2O5) 15 to 20 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 35 to 40 kg/mu. More than 70% of the phosphate fertilizer is used as base fertilizer (acupoint) application, and the rest is followed by applying 20% ​​to 30% of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer base application with compound fertilizer, and 70% to 80% is applied with water 3 to 10 times during the period from anthesis to ear swelling. Each topdressing nitrogen fertilizer shall not exceed 5-7 kg N/mu;
(4) Vegetable soil pH
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