Breed name: Mugil cephalus
Common name: M.so-iuy, Liza dussumieri
Species: Polygonaceae
I. Overview of salmon farming
In China, the breeding of carps is mainly composed of Mugilcephalus, M.sO-iuy, Liza dussumieri, L. carinatus and L. haematocheila. Fish and fish are the most important species, and they have the habit of spending time in the south, mainly in southern China. Carp, Liaoning, Hebei, commonly known as the white-eye, Zhejiang, Fujian, commonly known as black peony, black head, black puffer fish, green head, Guangdong, Guangxi commonly known as Aconitum, barley, chasing fish. Carp is widely distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical coastal areas. In China, there is distribution from the northeast to the southwest coast.
Carp is widely salty and can live and grow in seawater, estuaries and freshwater. It is suitable for feeding in different salinity water bodies. The requirements for aquaculture ponds are relatively less stringent, and coastal shrimp ponds and fish culture ponds can be stocked. The squid has a short food chain and mainly feeds on humus, deposited organic debris, epiphytic algae, and small animals. Manual feeding of bran, bean cakes, and distiller's grains can meet the nutritional needs of carp growth. In the case of artificial breeding, the growth of carp is fast, the stocking density of natural carp carp seedlings is suitable, the feed is adequate, and the fish is properly bred. The year of carp rearing at the beginning of the year can reach 500-750 grams a year. Compared to other traditional farmed fish species, carp disease is less common, and the spread and harm of major epidemics are generally not present. With proper daily management, maintaining good water quality, reducing fish damage, and preventing the occurrence of fish diseases.
Salmon has a delicious meat quality and high nutritional value. It is one of the more popular aquatic products in Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong coasts. The caviar made from the mature carp ovary is considered as a nutritious high-end food abroad. Due to its high nutritional value, its economic value is also considerable. In Hong Kong, it can reach up to 20 Hong Kong dollars per 500 grams, and the highest price in eastern Guangdong can reach 30 yuan in recent years.
Since the carp has a good market price, since the 1980s, the carp aquaculture industry has been able to obtain higher economic benefits, and it has been able to obtain higher profits every year by exporting Hong Kong carp to Dongfeng Baoan and other places.
Due to its characteristics of crude growth, omnivorous food, rapid growth, low disease, and high nutritional value, squid has long been a major target for brackish or freshwater fish farming and has received attention from all over the world. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has listed it as a worldwide promotion. One of the breeds of marine fish farmed. In October 1977, at the National Seawater Fish Farming Technical Cooperation Conference, squid was again listed as the main target for marine fish culture in China. With the continuous improvement of the breeding technology of carp, especially the breakthrough of the artificial reproduction technology of carp, the adequate source of man-made artificial carp breeding will be solved, and the carp breeding scale will have greater development.
Biological characteristics
(I) Morphological characteristics
The carp body is long, with an anterior cylindrical shape and a posterior aspect. The body length is 4.1-4.8 times the body height, which is 3.8-4.1 times the head length. The head is medium in size, with slightly raised sides, wide flat backs and short kisses. The eyes are large and round, in the front half of the head. Before and after the fat eyelids developed, reaching out to the pupil. Two nostrils on each side, located in front of the eye, with anterior and central projections. Two jaws with villous teeth, arranged in a single row. The tongue is large and round and is located in the back of the mouth and is not free. The boring hole is wide, long and slender, and the lid membrane is not connected to the isthmus. The front humeral and humeral bone edges are free of spines. False booming.
Scales are large, body scales are scales, and heads are round scales. In addition to the first dorsal fin, each fin has small round scales. There is a long middle portion of the base of the first dorsal fin, pectoral fins, upper basal basal peduncle and midvein fins. Triangular scales. The lateral line is not obvious, and there is a small opening in the center of the lateral scales. The two dorsal fins are short and distant. The first dorsal fin has four hard spines; the second dorsal fin is larger, shaped like the anal fins, with 1-2 hard spines; the pelvic fins ventral, with 1 hard spines 5 fins. Caudal fins forked, upper leaves slightly longer than lower leaves.
The body cavity is large and the peritoneum is black. Stomach tubular, pyloric special spherical muscle stomach. The intestines are slender and more curved, about 7 times the body length. The pylorus is large and has 2 blindfolds. Large, thin wall. The body is grayish and the abdomen has a lighter color. There are several dark vertical bands on the upper body side. The fins are light grey with a black patch at the base of the pelvic fins.
(b) Living habits
Salmon is mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters, especially in the coastal waters, which is a wide salty nature. Frequent fishes that migrate to estuaries and lagoon. This fish always lays eggs in the open sea. When the fish is about 20 mm in length, it enters the estuary and finds a good feeding ground. The larger squid swims very lively. When the fishing net approaches, the fish jumps out of the water and jumps over the roof. Escape or infiltrate into the sediment. It is difficult to catch. Because it mainly eats tiny plant substances and some small swimming animals, it is not easy to swallow bait.
Salinity: Squid grows well in seawater, brackish water or freshwater, with a salt range of 0-40 ‰, and it usually inhabits waters of about 30 。.
Water temperature: The squid has a wide temperature range and can survive in a water temperature of 3-35°C. The optimum water temperature is between 12-25°C, usually from April to October.
Dissolved Oxygen and pH: The pH of the water is usually 7.0-9.5, which is suitable for farmed fish. Generally do not have to consider dissolved oxygen is too high, but in the early morning before sunrise to prevent excessive reduction of dissolved oxygen, fish ponds, due to fertilization, nutrient-rich, resulting in a variety of plants intensive growth, so the daily dissolved oxygen and pH changes Big.
Fertility: In general, the pool water should always be green, and its transparency is based on a water depth of about 20 cm invisible white objects.
(c) Food habits and growth
1. feeding habits
Carp and juvenile fish are short and sparse, and the digestive tract is straight and short, mainly using zooplankton as bait. By the end of juvenile period, the jaws are free to flex, the jaws are slender, the stomach of the sandbags is formed, the stomach muscles are developed and tough, the intestine grows significantly, reaching 5-10 times the body length, and the food is changed from animal to plant. Sex. The main scraping mud table humus, deposited organic debris, epiphytic diatoms and small animals. The main food ingredient of salmon. There are two peaks for salmon feeding activities: one at the dawn of the day and the other at noon. The intensity of ingestion began to increase at dawn and in the afternoon, the intensity of feeding decreased.
2. Grow
Due to the difference in growth areas or waters, the growth rate of carp varies greatly. For example, carp growing in the Japanese sea area grows more rapidly than in the Black Sea, while in brackish water it grows more than in seawater or in fresh water. be quick. Under normal circumstances, the carp can grow to 250 grams that year. Two years can be as long as 500 grams, up to three years: more than 1000 grams, male and female fish growth was not significantly different before the third instar.
(IV) Breeding habits
The sexual age and spawning period of salmonids vary with their habitat. Males are generally 2-7 years old and females are 3-8 years old. For example, in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs throughout the year, while in China's coastal areas, spawning occurs in the winter. The average spawning time is from November to January of each year. The squid has the habit of escaping from spawning, spawning offshore in the autumn to deeper sea areas, but there is also data suggesting that the squid is likely to spawn in freshwater. At the time of spawning, each smaller 3-5 male fish surrounds a female in a small group and swims against the tide. The male often hits or oppresses the female abdomen with his head or body, and sometimes tremors his body. , Or splash the water roll "splash".
The newly hatched larvae drift along with the water, and juveniles generally enter the harbor with the tide.
The fishing and identification of natural salmon fry
Although the artificial breeding of squid has been successful, due to the failure to produce large quantities to meet the needs of production, the currently used squid for aquaculture mainly rely on coastal fishing.
(I) Fishing season of salmon fry
When the carp seedlings are 1.5 centimeters in length, they are transported back to brackish, estuary, floodgates, and other shallow water areas, where they are suitable for harvesting. Due to different climatic conditions in different parts of the world, the time for the eel to start breeding differs. Therefore, there are different time for emergence of eel in the coast, Guangdong and Fujian are from December to April, and Hangzhou Bay in Zhejiang is the harvesting period from March to March. Jiangsu Dongtai area is from April to July. According to the people's experience, the distribution of carp seedlings has the following characteristics:
(1) At the mudflats and harbors, the bottom soil is sandy soil with more algae. When the tide rises, the carp seedlings come to feed and they are easy to catch.
(2) There is a deep pool in the harbor. After the tide has receded, it still retains a certain depth of water. At this time, fry can be easily left.
(3) Miao more at the brackish water interchange, because the seedlings have the habit of advancing upstream and bring in abundant food due to inflow of inland water.
(4) The weather is clear, the temperature is high, and there is no wind. Fish like to concentrate on the crickets.
(II) Fishing methods for salmon fry
1. Light trapping
As the seedlings have the characteristics of phototaxis, in the darkness without the moon, when the tide is low, the vaporized kerosene lamp is set up at the harbor to induce the seedlings to swim to the gas lamps, and then they are caught with the pre-positioned fixed fish seedlings. Trapping seedlings not only has a large catch volume, but also has a low cost and a small labor cost. At the same time, the caught fry is not easy to be injured, and the quality is good and the survival rate is high.
2. Dip net capture
The structure of the net is a semi-circular iron or wooden frame, approximately 50 centimeters wide, which is connected to a handle to support the nylon fry mesh or other dense mesh. Use dip nets for catching in the mudflats or shallow water bays. This method is easy to operate but has a small catch.
3. Hand trawling
The hand trawl is 3-5 meters long and 70 centimeters high. The floater is connected to a cork floater or plastic floater. Shen Zigang is connected to the sinker. The net coat is connected on both sides of the wooden stick or bamboo rod as a handle. The double operation is used to patrol the estuary or the beach. Taken and arrested, Guangdong is currently the most widely used method. This method captures more than the handprint network.
(3) Identification of carp seedlings
While catching the eel fry, it often catches a large number of pointed seedlings, eel fry and other miscellaneous fry. In order to obtain pure eel fry, various fry must be identified. Morphologically, salmon fry and eel fry and other fry are easier to distinguish. The carp seedlings are well-proportioned. “The eyes are small and the backs of the black belly swim quickly. The carp seedlings are short and flat. The body color is light yellow with black spots. Swimming is slow. In Guangdong, the caught carp seedlings are more The seedlings are mixed together because the two fish fry shapes are relatively close and difficult to distinguish.According to the fishermen's experience, the carp seedlings appear to be relatively smooth to the naked eye, and the sharp seedlings are rough; the back of the seedlings is silver-gray, and the abdomen is silver. White, pointed pods are blue-gray in color.In the cage, when gently lifting one side of the cage, the salmon fry can quickly swim to the other side of the cage, while the tip rake is attached to the net. On the slice, the two species of carp seedlings can be identified.
(4) Holding of eel fry
When the eel fry catches water immediately after catching, it will jump and jump. If it is handled improperly, it will cause a great deal of death. At this time, long-distance transportation cannot be carried out. If stocking is to be carried out, it must be raised and domesticated to adapt to the breeding environment. Coastal fishermen in Guangdong currently use small earthen ponds to raise eel fry. Dig a small earthen pond about 100 square meters near the trapping harbor. The depth of the pond is about 80 cm. The bottom of the pond is best made of silt. The pond is filled with brackish water, and the salinity is 15 can-20, and then it is appropriate to catch it. The abalone seedlings immediately came into the pond for raising, gradually adding fresh water, gradually changing the salinity of the pool water, and ultimately achieving a similar salinity in the aquaculture water. Generally, it takes 1-2 weeks to dilute the domestication process.
Common name: M.so-iuy, Liza dussumieri
Species: Polygonaceae
I. Overview of salmon farming
In China, the breeding of carps is mainly composed of Mugilcephalus, M.sO-iuy, Liza dussumieri, L. carinatus and L. haematocheila. Fish and fish are the most important species, and they have the habit of spending time in the south, mainly in southern China. Carp, Liaoning, Hebei, commonly known as the white-eye, Zhejiang, Fujian, commonly known as black peony, black head, black puffer fish, green head, Guangdong, Guangxi commonly known as Aconitum, barley, chasing fish. Carp is widely distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical coastal areas. In China, there is distribution from the northeast to the southwest coast.
Carp is widely salty and can live and grow in seawater, estuaries and freshwater. It is suitable for feeding in different salinity water bodies. The requirements for aquaculture ponds are relatively less stringent, and coastal shrimp ponds and fish culture ponds can be stocked. The squid has a short food chain and mainly feeds on humus, deposited organic debris, epiphytic algae, and small animals. Manual feeding of bran, bean cakes, and distiller's grains can meet the nutritional needs of carp growth. In the case of artificial breeding, the growth of carp is fast, the stocking density of natural carp carp seedlings is suitable, the feed is adequate, and the fish is properly bred. The year of carp rearing at the beginning of the year can reach 500-750 grams a year. Compared to other traditional farmed fish species, carp disease is less common, and the spread and harm of major epidemics are generally not present. With proper daily management, maintaining good water quality, reducing fish damage, and preventing the occurrence of fish diseases.
Salmon has a delicious meat quality and high nutritional value. It is one of the more popular aquatic products in Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong coasts. The caviar made from the mature carp ovary is considered as a nutritious high-end food abroad. Due to its high nutritional value, its economic value is also considerable. In Hong Kong, it can reach up to 20 Hong Kong dollars per 500 grams, and the highest price in eastern Guangdong can reach 30 yuan in recent years.
Since the carp has a good market price, since the 1980s, the carp aquaculture industry has been able to obtain higher economic benefits, and it has been able to obtain higher profits every year by exporting Hong Kong carp to Dongfeng Baoan and other places.
Due to its characteristics of crude growth, omnivorous food, rapid growth, low disease, and high nutritional value, squid has long been a major target for brackish or freshwater fish farming and has received attention from all over the world. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has listed it as a worldwide promotion. One of the breeds of marine fish farmed. In October 1977, at the National Seawater Fish Farming Technical Cooperation Conference, squid was again listed as the main target for marine fish culture in China. With the continuous improvement of the breeding technology of carp, especially the breakthrough of the artificial reproduction technology of carp, the adequate source of man-made artificial carp breeding will be solved, and the carp breeding scale will have greater development.
Biological characteristics
(I) Morphological characteristics
The carp body is long, with an anterior cylindrical shape and a posterior aspect. The body length is 4.1-4.8 times the body height, which is 3.8-4.1 times the head length. The head is medium in size, with slightly raised sides, wide flat backs and short kisses. The eyes are large and round, in the front half of the head. Before and after the fat eyelids developed, reaching out to the pupil. Two nostrils on each side, located in front of the eye, with anterior and central projections. Two jaws with villous teeth, arranged in a single row. The tongue is large and round and is located in the back of the mouth and is not free. The boring hole is wide, long and slender, and the lid membrane is not connected to the isthmus. The front humeral and humeral bone edges are free of spines. False booming.
Scales are large, body scales are scales, and heads are round scales. In addition to the first dorsal fin, each fin has small round scales. There is a long middle portion of the base of the first dorsal fin, pectoral fins, upper basal basal peduncle and midvein fins. Triangular scales. The lateral line is not obvious, and there is a small opening in the center of the lateral scales. The two dorsal fins are short and distant. The first dorsal fin has four hard spines; the second dorsal fin is larger, shaped like the anal fins, with 1-2 hard spines; the pelvic fins ventral, with 1 hard spines 5 fins. Caudal fins forked, upper leaves slightly longer than lower leaves.
The body cavity is large and the peritoneum is black. Stomach tubular, pyloric special spherical muscle stomach. The intestines are slender and more curved, about 7 times the body length. The pylorus is large and has 2 blindfolds. Large, thin wall. The body is grayish and the abdomen has a lighter color. There are several dark vertical bands on the upper body side. The fins are light grey with a black patch at the base of the pelvic fins.
(b) Living habits
Salmon is mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters, especially in the coastal waters, which is a wide salty nature. Frequent fishes that migrate to estuaries and lagoon. This fish always lays eggs in the open sea. When the fish is about 20 mm in length, it enters the estuary and finds a good feeding ground. The larger squid swims very lively. When the fishing net approaches, the fish jumps out of the water and jumps over the roof. Escape or infiltrate into the sediment. It is difficult to catch. Because it mainly eats tiny plant substances and some small swimming animals, it is not easy to swallow bait.
Salinity: Squid grows well in seawater, brackish water or freshwater, with a salt range of 0-40 ‰, and it usually inhabits waters of about 30 。.
Water temperature: The squid has a wide temperature range and can survive in a water temperature of 3-35°C. The optimum water temperature is between 12-25°C, usually from April to October.
Dissolved Oxygen and pH: The pH of the water is usually 7.0-9.5, which is suitable for farmed fish. Generally do not have to consider dissolved oxygen is too high, but in the early morning before sunrise to prevent excessive reduction of dissolved oxygen, fish ponds, due to fertilization, nutrient-rich, resulting in a variety of plants intensive growth, so the daily dissolved oxygen and pH changes Big.
Fertility: In general, the pool water should always be green, and its transparency is based on a water depth of about 20 cm invisible white objects.
(c) Food habits and growth
1. feeding habits
Carp and juvenile fish are short and sparse, and the digestive tract is straight and short, mainly using zooplankton as bait. By the end of juvenile period, the jaws are free to flex, the jaws are slender, the stomach of the sandbags is formed, the stomach muscles are developed and tough, the intestine grows significantly, reaching 5-10 times the body length, and the food is changed from animal to plant. Sex. The main scraping mud table humus, deposited organic debris, epiphytic diatoms and small animals. The main food ingredient of salmon. There are two peaks for salmon feeding activities: one at the dawn of the day and the other at noon. The intensity of ingestion began to increase at dawn and in the afternoon, the intensity of feeding decreased.
2. Grow
Due to the difference in growth areas or waters, the growth rate of carp varies greatly. For example, carp growing in the Japanese sea area grows more rapidly than in the Black Sea, while in brackish water it grows more than in seawater or in fresh water. be quick. Under normal circumstances, the carp can grow to 250 grams that year. Two years can be as long as 500 grams, up to three years: more than 1000 grams, male and female fish growth was not significantly different before the third instar.
(IV) Breeding habits
The sexual age and spawning period of salmonids vary with their habitat. Males are generally 2-7 years old and females are 3-8 years old. For example, in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs throughout the year, while in China's coastal areas, spawning occurs in the winter. The average spawning time is from November to January of each year. The squid has the habit of escaping from spawning, spawning offshore in the autumn to deeper sea areas, but there is also data suggesting that the squid is likely to spawn in freshwater. At the time of spawning, each smaller 3-5 male fish surrounds a female in a small group and swims against the tide. The male often hits or oppresses the female abdomen with his head or body, and sometimes tremors his body. , Or splash the water roll "splash".
The newly hatched larvae drift along with the water, and juveniles generally enter the harbor with the tide.
The fishing and identification of natural salmon fry
Although the artificial breeding of squid has been successful, due to the failure to produce large quantities to meet the needs of production, the currently used squid for aquaculture mainly rely on coastal fishing.
(I) Fishing season of salmon fry
When the carp seedlings are 1.5 centimeters in length, they are transported back to brackish, estuary, floodgates, and other shallow water areas, where they are suitable for harvesting. Due to different climatic conditions in different parts of the world, the time for the eel to start breeding differs. Therefore, there are different time for emergence of eel in the coast, Guangdong and Fujian are from December to April, and Hangzhou Bay in Zhejiang is the harvesting period from March to March. Jiangsu Dongtai area is from April to July. According to the people's experience, the distribution of carp seedlings has the following characteristics:
(1) At the mudflats and harbors, the bottom soil is sandy soil with more algae. When the tide rises, the carp seedlings come to feed and they are easy to catch.
(2) There is a deep pool in the harbor. After the tide has receded, it still retains a certain depth of water. At this time, fry can be easily left.
(3) Miao more at the brackish water interchange, because the seedlings have the habit of advancing upstream and bring in abundant food due to inflow of inland water.
(4) The weather is clear, the temperature is high, and there is no wind. Fish like to concentrate on the crickets.
(II) Fishing methods for salmon fry
1. Light trapping
As the seedlings have the characteristics of phototaxis, in the darkness without the moon, when the tide is low, the vaporized kerosene lamp is set up at the harbor to induce the seedlings to swim to the gas lamps, and then they are caught with the pre-positioned fixed fish seedlings. Trapping seedlings not only has a large catch volume, but also has a low cost and a small labor cost. At the same time, the caught fry is not easy to be injured, and the quality is good and the survival rate is high.
2. Dip net capture
The structure of the net is a semi-circular iron or wooden frame, approximately 50 centimeters wide, which is connected to a handle to support the nylon fry mesh or other dense mesh. Use dip nets for catching in the mudflats or shallow water bays. This method is easy to operate but has a small catch.
3. Hand trawling
The hand trawl is 3-5 meters long and 70 centimeters high. The floater is connected to a cork floater or plastic floater. Shen Zigang is connected to the sinker. The net coat is connected on both sides of the wooden stick or bamboo rod as a handle. The double operation is used to patrol the estuary or the beach. Taken and arrested, Guangdong is currently the most widely used method. This method captures more than the handprint network.
(3) Identification of carp seedlings
While catching the eel fry, it often catches a large number of pointed seedlings, eel fry and other miscellaneous fry. In order to obtain pure eel fry, various fry must be identified. Morphologically, salmon fry and eel fry and other fry are easier to distinguish. The carp seedlings are well-proportioned. “The eyes are small and the backs of the black belly swim quickly. The carp seedlings are short and flat. The body color is light yellow with black spots. Swimming is slow. In Guangdong, the caught carp seedlings are more The seedlings are mixed together because the two fish fry shapes are relatively close and difficult to distinguish.According to the fishermen's experience, the carp seedlings appear to be relatively smooth to the naked eye, and the sharp seedlings are rough; the back of the seedlings is silver-gray, and the abdomen is silver. White, pointed pods are blue-gray in color.In the cage, when gently lifting one side of the cage, the salmon fry can quickly swim to the other side of the cage, while the tip rake is attached to the net. On the slice, the two species of carp seedlings can be identified.
(4) Holding of eel fry
When the eel fry catches water immediately after catching, it will jump and jump. If it is handled improperly, it will cause a great deal of death. At this time, long-distance transportation cannot be carried out. If stocking is to be carried out, it must be raised and domesticated to adapt to the breeding environment. Coastal fishermen in Guangdong currently use small earthen ponds to raise eel fry. Dig a small earthen pond about 100 square meters near the trapping harbor. The depth of the pond is about 80 cm. The bottom of the pond is best made of silt. The pond is filled with brackish water, and the salinity is 15 can-20, and then it is appropriate to catch it. The abalone seedlings immediately came into the pond for raising, gradually adding fresh water, gradually changing the salinity of the pool water, and ultimately achieving a similar salinity in the aquaculture water. Generally, it takes 1-2 weeks to dilute the domestication process.
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