Safflower, also known as grass safflower or Duhonghua, is an annual or perennial herb of the Asteraceae family. It is used for medicinal purposes and has functions such as promoting blood circulation, resolving stasis, reducing swelling and pain, and is also a natural pigment and dye that are widely used today. General 667 square meters (1 acre) finished product medicine 150 to 200 kilograms, the whole period of about 240 days. Safflower is mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, and Xinjiang, and can be grown in most parts of the country.
First, the choice of plots
The land should be planted with moderately high fertility, good drainage, deep soil, and sandy soil or sandy soil. The former is dominated by leguminous and gramineous crops, and should not be used as a continuum. Before planting, combine 25,000 kilograms of fertilizer and 15 kilograms of superphosphate per 667 square meters of land with cultivating and turning into soil. Then, make a 1.3-meter-wide sorghum and open a good ditch around to facilitate drainage.
Second, timely sowing
Since the safflower has different requirements for environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and moisture during the entire growing season, the optimum sowing time should be selected according to the changing rules of climate conditions in the year of planting and the biological characteristics of safflower.
1. In terms of temperature, safflower seeds can germinate at temperatures above 5°C, and vegetative growth stage temperatures are best at 15 to 20°C, and reproductive growth stages are best at 20 to 28°C.
2. In terms of sunshine, during the period of vegetative growth, short days are conducive to the development of the plant; in the period of flowering and seeding, a longer period of sunshine conditions can promote the corolla hypertrophy, and the grain formation is full, thus obtaining high yield.
3. In respect of moisture, due to the advanced development of safflower roots, there is no strict requirement for water in other periods except for the period of seedling and the formation of flower buds that require a certain amount of water.
4. Sowing: According to the above three main biological characteristics of safflower, the most suitable autumn sowing in North China, the sowing time before and after the autumn equinox to the frost; south of the Yangtze River and northwest Xinjiang can be broadcast or spring broadcast. Seeding method: small area planting can be used sowing, until the soil fertilization ploughing and mashing uniform, according to row spacing 40 cm 20 cm, dig deep 2 to 3 cm hole, each hole sowing safflower seed 4 to 5 after the cover soil, light repression . Conditional machinery can be implemented sowing, sowing plant spacing and hole sowing the same. For every 667 square meters, seedlings are used to sow 3 kg and broadcast 5 kg. When sowing, soak the seed in warm water of about 55°C for 10 minutes, then remove it and put it in cold water.
Third, field management
1. Seedling replacement seedlings: When the seedlings have 3 true leaves, remove sick, weak, or very small seedlings, and keep 1 seedling every 10 cm; when the seedlings grow to 8 cm high, they will be seedlings, every 15~ 20 cm left 1 seedling, hole sowing seedlings left 2 seedlings. If it is found that the seedlings are lacking, the seedlings can be planted in a timely manner, and it is generally advisable to plant about 2000 seedlings per 667 m2.
2. Weeding and weed control: Generally three times, the former two combined with seedlings and Dingmiao, shallow ploughing in the early stage of growth to remove the compaction, loosen the soil and increase the temperature. The third time before the closure of the line combined with topdressing topdressing, proper soil, to prevent lodging. After the plant is ridged, it is not necessary to cultivate it.
3. Top-dressing: When the seedlings are unearthed, they can be poured with appropriate decomposed and diluted fecal water to promote greening. In the early spring after seedling, 667 square meters of urea applied 10 kg to promote seedling growth. When the seedling height is 30 centimeters and there are a large number of branches, it is necessary to re-apply the branching fertilizer. In general, 2000 kg of manure and livestock waste water and 10 kg of urea are poured per 667 square meters. After the application, the soil is applied to the rhizosphere with a thickness of about 6 cm. After budding, 200 kg of ash and 15 kg of superphosphate can be applied per 667 square meters. In addition, 0.5 kg of urea and 1 kg of superphosphate can be mixed with 50 kg of water before flowering. After the roots are sprayed, spraying every other day for 3 to 4 days can increase the number of tidbits, increase flowering, and increase yield. .
4. Drainage and Irrigation: In the event of drought during growth, safflower should be properly watered to keep the soil moist. If there is too much rain and the temperature rises, drainage should be cleared in time to reduce the occurrence of disease.
5. Topping: When the safflower stem is about 1 meter long and the branch reaches 20 branches, it should be topped in time to promote branching, more buds, and increase production.
IV. Pest Control
1. Anthrax disease: Occurs in the late spring and early summer in the rainy and humid season, endangering the young tip of the safflower, the base of the bud, and the leaves, fruits and seeds. At the early stage of disease, the leaves appear round brown lesions and later ruptured; the lesions on the stalk are spindle-shaped, and several lesions connect to form a large spot around the stems, causing the stems to rot, break and die; the seeds develop yellow-brown spots. . The lesion produces a large amount of orange-colored jelly under moist conditions. Control methods: 1 seeding with 50% carbendazim after seed dressing. 2 The diseased seedlings and diseased plants should be removed in time, then sprayed with 1:1:120 Bordeaux mixture or 65% Zeoxin 400 to 500 times, sprayed every 7 to 10 days, and sprayed for 2 to 3 times.
2. Sclerotinia: Onset from May to June, the color of the diseased plant leaves yellow, and the branches withered, with black rat manure-like nucleus appearing in the roots. Onset of seedlings, brownish water-spotted lesions on the stem near the ground, young shoots rot, causing lodging and death. Control methods: spray 40% Dimethoate 1000 to 1500 times when the disease occurs.
Root rot: In early May, before and after flowering, the incidence was particularly severe in the event of rainy weather. First, the lateral root becomes black and gradually spreads to the main root. After the onset of the main root, the root rots and the whole plant dies. Control methods: The diseased plants should be removed and burned in a timely manner to prevent transmission to the surrounding plants. Some lime or carbofuran should be sprinkled in the diseased planting holes to kill the nematodes. The diseased plants should be watered with 50% thiophanate-1000-fold solution.
4. Diamondbacks and aphids: Diamondbacks are a great hazard to inflorescences. Once an insect has entered the inflorescence, the flowers will easily wither and seriously affect yield. Control methods: Application of leaf spray at budding stage 2 or 3 times to kill borers. When aphids occur, they must be controlled with pesticides that have good control effect and meet the requirements of pollution-free production in the country (such as fast killing spirits, fleas, dermatophytes, trichlorfon, etc.), and pay attention to the rational use of pesticides.
V. Harvest processing
In the middle or late May, the safflowers began to open one after another. Two days later, they entered the flowering period. Before the morning to 10:00 a.m., when the top of the corolla of the safflower grows from yellow to red, the harvesting can continue for 15 to 20 days. . The harvested saffron is laid thinly on a mat or on a screen, dried in a ventilated place or covered with newspapers and dried in the sun. It can also be dried at 50°C, but care should be taken that it cannot be moved during the drying process. . 20 days after the safflower was harvested, the stems and leaves withered and the plants could be harvested and threshed.
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