First, the scope of application This standard applies to the production of green apples in Donggang District.
Second, the choice of garden
1. The place of production should choose the agricultural production area with good ecological environment, not (or not directly) being contaminated by industrial “three wastes†and agriculture, urban life, and medical waste, and away from cities, highways, airports, stations, docks, etc. Traffic arteries to avoid the pollution of harmful substances.
The base soil has suitable structure, good physical and chemical properties, fertile soil, and organic matter content above 1.0%. Deep soil, living soil layer above 60cm. Groundwater level is less than 1.5 meters. Soils with a pH value of 6.0-7.5, a total of 0.3% or less in light or sandy soils, and agricultural production areas with medium or higher soil fertility, no internal turbulence and no high dryness, and sustainable production capacity.
2. Ambient Air Quality Requirements of Producing Areas Green Food The air quality of the producing areas of apples meets the requirements of GB3095-82. The surrounding ecological conditions are good and away from pollution.
3. Quality requirements for farmland irrigation water in production areas The surface water environmental quality meets the requirements of GB3838-2002, and the production water quality meets the requirements of GB5084-1992. The PH value is between 5.5 and 8.5, and there is no pollution source that poses a threat of pollution to irrigation water or upstream water.
4. Soil environmental quality requirements Soil environmental quality meets the requirements of GB15618. The background value of the soil is normal, there is no heavy metal mine in the place of production, and there is no excessive pesticide residue in the soil.
5. The average annual temperature of climate conditions is 8-14°C, and the absolute low temperature is not lower than -25°C. The average temperature in January is not lower than -10°C. Annual rainfall 300-800mm.
Third, planting technology according to NY/T441-2001 5.1-5.6 implementation, that is, the first site preparation, according to line spacing dig depth of 0.8-1.0 meters wide planting hole, fill a low depth of about 30cm thick crop stalks. The excavated topsoil is mixed with sufficient organic manure, phosphate fertilizer, and potash fertilizer to fill the ditch. After being filled to 20cm below the ground, the water is poured so that the soil is solid, and then covered with a layer of topsoil.
When planting, planting holes 30 cm deep were planted in the planting hole according to the plant spacing. Put the seedlings in the center of the human hole, stretch the root system, and straighten the seedlings. The vertical and horizontal lines will be formed. After the filling is completed, a tree disk with a diameter of 1 meter is to be made around the seedlings, immediately filled with water, and covered with a plastic film after being drenched. Planting time is generally performed in the spring. Depth of planting, the interface of the seedlings of actual seedlings is slightly higher than that of the ground; about half of the length of the intermediate stocks of the dwarfing and semidwarfing interstock stocks is buried underground; the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing of the stocks of the self-rootstocks The interface should be more than l0cm above the ground. Immediately after the spring planting, the seedlings should be planted and dried. Take proper measures to protect the cuts.
IV. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management Technology (I) Soil Management
1, deep turning to improve soil. It is divided into deep hole deepening and deep gardening. Every autumn fruit harvest is combined with autumn base fertilizer. Expanding deep into the hole is to dig an annular groove or radial groove around the trunk. The groove is 60-80 cm wide and 30-40 cm deep. The entire garden was deeply turned, and the soil outside the planting hole was all deep and deep, with a depth of 30-40 cm.
2, covered grass and buried grass. Grass cover is applied after fertilizing irrigation in spring and summer. Covered materials can be wheat straw, wheat bran, corn stover, straw, etc. Generally, the thickness of the grass is 15-20 cm. It is not conducive to moisturizing, heat preservation and elimination of weeds. After the grass is covered, a small amount of soil is pressed to prevent fire and wind from blowing. Each acre can cover 1500-2000 kilograms, evenly covering the surface of all orchards, leaving a distance of 0.5 cm near the trunk. Do not confine the grass to the tree tray because the root system greatly exceeds the edge of the canopy. After a period of 3-4 years, it will be shuffled once and shallowly combined with autumn basal fertilization. The area will not exceed one quarter of the tree plate. It can also be combined with deep-opening furrows to increase soil fertility and water storage capacity.
3, planting green manure and inter-row grass. Intercroppings promote intercropping of green manure crops such as mung bean, foliar caozi, peas, etc., and convert it into apple orchard organic manure through methods such as overturning, covering and smashing. The apple orchards with irrigation conditions promote grass cultivation.
4, cultivator. After the cultivation orchard grows in the growing season with rainfall or irrigation, the soil is ploughed in time to keep the soil loose and weed free, or weeding with herbicides. The cultivator is 5-10 cm deep to facilitate warming.
(B) fruit tree fertilization technology
1, the principle of fertilizing green apple trees:
(1) Combination of land use and land conservation, organic and inorganic combination;
(2) to improve the combination of soil rooting and fertilization;
(3) Formula fertilization, limit the application of chlorinated fertilizers, and disable nitrate-nitrogen fertilizers; (4) Reasonably apply medium and trace element fertilizers.
2, fertilization methods and quantity (1) basal fertilizer. The autumn fruit is harvested and planted, mainly farmyard manure, all annual organic fertilizer (must be fermented and decomposed prior to application), 20% of annual N fertilizer, 20% of P fertilizer, 20% of K fertilizer, and micro fertilizer Fertilizers can be applied together with organic fertilizers (microelement fertilizers can be applied continuously for 2-3 years for one application).
The application amount is calculated based on 1.5-2.0 kg high-quality farmyard manure produced per 1 kilogram of apples. It is recommended to apply 7-9 kilograms of N fertilizer per 1,000 kilograms of apples. The ratio of N, P and K fertilizers is 1.0:0.5:1.1.
The method of application is mainly gully application. The fertilization site is within the canopy projection range. Dig out the radial grooves (beginning at 80-100 cm from the trunk to the outside of the canopy) or dig a circular groove around the circumference of the canopy. -80 cm, fill the water after applying base fertilizer.
(2) Dressing. The soil is topdressed three times a year for the first time before and after germination, with N fertilizer as the main, P fertilizer as the next, 50% of N fertilizer and 30% of P fertilizer in the year, and the second top dressing before flower bud differentiation (at the end of May). The P and K fertilizers were mainly used, and N, P, and K were mixed and applied. The annual N fertilizer was 30%, the P fertilizer was 30%, and the K fertilizer was 40%. The third top-dressing in the fruit expansion period (mid-July) was dominated by K-fertilizer, followed by P-fertilizer, 20% of P-fertilizer throughout the year, and 40% of K-fertilizer.
In addition, fertilizers can be sprayed on the leaves, 4-5 times a year, usually 2 times in the early stage of growth, mainly with nitrogen fertilizer; 2-3 times in the later stage, mainly with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, can be used to supplement the micro- and micro-levels required for the growth and development of fruit trees. element. The last foliar spray should be sprayed 20 days before the fruit harvesting period.
(C) Water Management Irrigation water should meet the requirements of the green food standard. It usually includes four periods such as leafing period, rapid growth period in spring, rapid expansion of fruit, and freezing (frozen water). Loosen the soil immediately after irrigation to facilitate the protection of the soil. Advocate the use of drip irrigation, irrigation, micro-irrigation and other water-saving irrigation measures. When the orchard has accumulated water, it must be drained in time.
Fifth, flower and fruit management techniques (a) pollination using artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve the fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity.
(ii) Thinning and fruit thinning According to the spacing of flower and fruit, thinning and thinning fruit are used. The spacing between flowers and fruits of medium-sized fruit varieties is 15-25 cm. The single fruit is the mainstay, supplemented by leaving double fruits; the fruit and fruit spacing of large fruit varieties is 20-30 cm, leaving fruit . During the period of inflorescence extension until the buds are separated, the excessive and dense thin and thin inflorescences are removed at intervals. The left inflorescence only retains the central flower and 1-2 flowers, and the number of flowers left can be 1-2 times more than the planned amount of flowers. Shuguo is completed within 26 days after flowering, leaving one fruit per fruit stand.
(3) Picking leaves and turning fruit leaves are usually carried out in 2 batches. The first time they are taken about 30 days before picking, the fruit leaves and fruit base branches are removed, and the branches within 5-10 cm of the fruit are properly removed. Basal shading leaves; the second interval of 10 days, cut off the excess crown of the crown of the tree, the crown of the leggy branches and dense new branches, removal of part of the middle and long branches of the lower leaves. Transfer of fruit is generally carried out one week after the first leaf is picked. After the fruit is fully colored on the sunny side, the back of the fruit is turned to the positive side and the fruit is rotated for a quarter of a week for 7 days.
(D) Fruit bagging
1, the choice of paper bag selection of wind and rain, breathable Apple's special paper bags. Red varieties that are more difficult to color (such as Red Fuji) use double-layer bags, and yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color can use single-layer bags.
2, bagging bagging period, early and mid-maturing varieties are about 30 days after flowering, late-maturing, late-maturing varieties are 35-40 days after flowering. Before the bagging, the organic fungicide must be sprayed three times to prevent fruit diseases. After the third pass, the fungicide should be bagged. Prevents the paper bag from getting close to the skin when bagging.
3. The specific period of bag removal should be based on climatic conditions and market demand. Generally red early-maturing and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be carried out about 15 days before appropriate harvest; red and medium-maturing and late-maturing varieties should be carried out 30-35 days before appropriate harvesting.
(5) Spread the silver reflection film to properly pick the leaves before the silver reflective film, so that the ground transmittance of the canopy can reach more than 30%. The fruit bagging tree was carried out after the complete bag removal and the first picking.
VI. Comprehensive Control Techniques for Diseases and Insect Pests of Fruit Trees (I) Principles of Prevention and Control Actively implement the plant protection policy of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€. Based on agricultural and physical control, biological control is advocated. According to the law of occurrence of diseases and insect pests and economic thresholds, scientific use of chemical control techniques is strictly prohibited. The use of highly toxic organic phosphorus and other highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides prohibited by the State is strictly prohibited, and pest and disease control can be effectively controlled.
(b) Agricultural control First, strengthen the management of soil and fertilizer water, rational pruning, increase tree vigor, increase tree resistance, and reduce the number of pests and worms; secondly, strictly regulate thinning, thinning fruit, and fruit bagging to control pests and diseases; Project management, cut off the shoots of pests and diseases, scrape the sickness, tilt the skin, shave the tree disk, catch pests, clean the garden in winter, etc., to reduce or eliminate pests and diseases.
(III) Physical control Based on the biological characteristics of pests, physical measures are adopted to eliminate them on the strong tendency of certain substances or conditions. Insect pheromone is used to seduce or interfere with adult mating, such as the use of sex attractants to kill P. minors, leaf roller moth, and gold thread moth, etc., and light (Jiaduo vibration type insecticidal lamp) is used to seduce and kill various lepidoptera species. Coleoptera adults, trunk Sokcho to kill a variety of fruit tree pests.
(IV) Biological control First, protect and utilize natural enemies of pests. Such as grass ridges, florets, and ladybugs are natural enemies of crickets, aphids, and mussels. Trichogramma can control apple leaf roller moth, pear small spot heartworm, etc. The wood stork is the natural enemies of pear hibiscus, sun worms feed on cotton crickets. The second is the application of biological pesticides, including microbial pesticides, animal pesticides, plant pesticides. After the application of bio-sourced pesticides, there is no pollution and no residue. It is a kind of green pesticide. Such as agricultural resistance 120, polyoxine, 9291, Liuyangmycin, Beauveria bassiana, avermectin, Xiaoyou 3, anti-inhibitory, nicotine, pyrethrum, matrine, etc. Bacterial preparations can effectively control peach borer, 10% polymyxin wettable powder can effectively prevent and cure spotted deciduous disease, mold heart disease; 4% agricultural resist 120 smear 50 times liquid can treat rot disease, Bengbu maimai 3 can prevent gold Moths, 10% Liuyangmycin EC 800 times can prevent leaf aphid, etc.).
(5) Chemical control
1. According to the guidelines for the production of green fruit pesticides: The use of highly toxic, highly toxic, highly residual or carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic pesticides is prohibited; the use of organic synthetic chemical pesticides is restricted; active use of plant, animal, and microbial pesticides Sulfur and copper preparations in mineral-origin pesticides. If the lime sulfur mixture has the functions of bactericidal, insecticidal and acaricidal, Bordeaux mixture can prevent various leaf diseases on fruit trees.
2. Use pesticides safely in accordance with pesticide intervals. The vast majority of pesticide species have a shelf life, and they must be used strictly in accordance with the instructions. At the same time, 2030 days before fruit picking, the use of chemical pesticides is prohibited to ensure that there are no pesticide residues in the fruit, or there is a small amount of residues but not excessive.
3, improve the spraying technology. Pay attention to proper spraying and strictly control the area, frequency, and concentration of pesticide application. According to the law of occurrence of diseases and pests of local fruit trees, combined with the prediction and prediction of pests and diseases, a comprehensive chemical prevention and control program for pests and diseases in orchards should be formulated so that various diseases and insect pests can be treated with the same treatment and no special treatment can be provided. Minimize the application of chemical pesticides.
4. According to the nature of natural enemies, rational selection of pesticide species, application time and application method, protection of natural enemies, and full use of natural enemies' natural control of pests; pay attention to the alternate use of different pesticides and rational use of pesticides to delay the development of pathogens and pests Medicinal, improve control effect.
(6) Major pests and diseases
1, the main diseases: including fruit rot, dry rot, branch ring rot disease, powdery mildew, brown spot, deciduous leaf disease, fruit ringworm disease and anthrax.
2. Main insect pests: including aphids, leafhoppers (hawthorn leaf wax, apple claw wax, and two-leafhopper), leaf roller insects, peach borer, gold-grained moth and apple aphid.
3. The main methods for prevention and cure of fruit tree stem diseases are rot disease, dry rot disease and stem ring rot disease.
(1) Strengthen cultivation management and improve the resistance of trees. Based on the application of organic fertilizer, according to the required fertilizer rules of fruit trees formula fertilization, reasonable pruning and thinning and thinning fruit, so that the tree growth, the results of a roughly balanced, is the main measures to prevent disease.
(2) Drug treatment: Before germination in early spring, the whole garden is sprayed with 3-5 Baume degree lime sulfur + neutral detergent 1500 times; or the whole garden is sprayed with 5000 times Fuxing + 200 times fruit tree penetrant. b Dispose of the disease: curettage: scrape the necrotic tissue thoroughly, scrape off some good skin, and disinfect the wound with 5-10 bymide lime sulfur. Coat treatment: Apply 500 times Fuxing + 200 times the fruit tree penetrant smear, coat once a week for a total of three times can be cured, can also be coated with 3 times concentrated alkaline water 3-5 times the effect is obvious.
(3) Strengthen the prevention of trunk diseases and pests and early defoliation, and it is also an important measure for the occurrence of pre-preserved rot, dry rot and rough dermatosis.
(4) Do a good job in Qingyuan. In winter, fruit trees are pruned to remove dead trees, diseased branches, dead branches, broken piles, etc., concentrated burned or buried (note fire prevention), and can not be discarded in the orchard or near the orchard to reduce the source of germs.
4. The comprehensive prevention and treatment of apple fruit diseases mainly includes ringworm disease, anthrax, brown rot and heart rot.
Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures for fruit diseases: Comprehensive prevention and control based on the disease incidence of fruit diseases.
(1) Elimination of pathogenic origin: Scissor-level vs. upper-rigid fruit, litter-falling leaves, fallen fruit, and concentrated burning or deep-buried (attention to fire prevention) to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria.
(2) Renovation of disease conditions: Strengthen cultivation and management, improve ventilation and light conditions in orchards, reduce orchard humidity, formulate fertilization, timely weeding and drainage after rain, reduce incidence.
(3) Chemical control:
After afforestation and bagging, it can be combined with the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew, brown spot disease, apple leaf roller moth, aphids, aphids, cotton seedlings, leafhoppers, spider mites, bitter pit disease and other comprehensive prevention and control.
The first time the drug is used 7-10 days after the flowers (in early May): 75% of the Montessori (mite killer) 1000 times + 3% of the oxygen 500 times + 25% of the Avevi powder (or 90% of the 3,000 times) ) +20% dying net 2000 times (or avermectin original powder 5000 times) +1000 times spent fruit guava (or calcium and boron double 1500 times).
The second pass of the drug in the hair removal period (mid-May): 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times + 50% carbendazim 800 times + imidacloprid 300 times + avermectin original powder 5000 times + speed borate calcium 2000 Times.
Before the third round of bagging (in late May): 68.75% Yibao 1500 times + 70% Thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold + 90% Wanling 3000-fold + moth alkaloid 2000-fold (or avermectin powder 5000-fold) ) + 1500 times for calcium and boron (or 1,000 times for Huaguobao).
It is prohibited to spray Bordov's liquid during young fruit period.
b After taking the bag, you can spray it once again: 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times, 80% 800 000 times, and quarter-season red 800 times (or 1200 times the speed of boron and calcium) to increase color and prevent disease.
(4) Fruit bagging: Fruit bagging is a key measure for the production of green and high-quality fruit products. It not only promotes fruit coloring, improves fruit surface finish, reduces residues of pulp and pesticide, but also isolates various fruit germs by bagging. The contact of the fruit surface reduces the occurrence of fruit diseases.
(5) For the orchard with severe mycotic disease, spray 5 Xiaomeidu Lithosulfide before germination in early spring, spraying 3% oxygenated oxygen 1000 times before flowering, or 1,000 times beating seawater or 1000 times of Ningnanmycin before flowering. Play a role in disease prevention.
5. The comprehensive prevention of leaf diseases in fruit trees mainly includes brown spot, round spot disease, spotted deciduous disease, gray spot disease and round spot disease.
Leaf disease prevention and control measures: Integrated prevention and control of fruit diseases.
(1) Clean the orchard: In the beginning of winter, clean up the litter, cut off the disease, concentrate burned or buried (note fire prevention). Plowing in winter can also reduce the source of overwintering bacteria.
(2) Strengthen cultivation and management, increase tree vigor to improve disease resistance, and pay attention to drainage in orchards with high soil viscous weight or high groundwater level. At the same time, attention should be paid to plastic pruning to make the trees airy and transparent.
(3) Timely summer cut (dotted leaf disease): In July, the disease was cut off slightly in time to reduce the source of infection.
(4) Chemical control: The key is to master the time of spraying, and start spraying before the onset of illness. In general, spraying in the middle of June (the week before the wheat harvest), mid-July, and mid-August, 3 times during the rainy season and the first time in September.
1:2-3:200 times of Bordeaux mixture and other bactericidal protective agents such as -70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, 68.75% esafety 1500 times, 40% Fuxing Emulsion 8000-10000 times, 75% montsen (Killing Health) 800 times, 25% PWW 3000 times, 80% 800 times mancozeb, 90% BDP 1000 times, 80% new Wansheng 800 times, 1000 times more use of polyoxin.
The above fungicides can be mixed with insecticide and wax killer for comprehensive pest control and wax damage. (such as 35% Ode Teng water dispersible granules 15000 times, hunters 1500 times, peach Xiaojing 2000 times, avermectin original powder 5,000 times, egg wax force 2500 times, mothworm Ling 2000 times etc. Pests, leaf miners, louse, red-and-white spiders, etc.)
(seven) Orchard pest comprehensive control procedures
1. Dormant period (falling to buds from January to February): This period is mainly responsible for the sources of overwintering diseases such as fruit tree rot, dry rot, branch ring rot, spotted defoliation, and spider mites, aphids, and cotton worms. The comprehensive prevention and control of the overwintered mites of the pink leaf mosquito and leafminer.
a thorough clean garden: combined with winter cut, cut off the branches and shoots, remove litter, pests and weeds, scrape the old rough skin, tumors, lesions, etc., concentrated burned or buried (note the fire).
b Scrape and treat rot lesions and beryllitis. Scratching treatment: The diseased necrotic tissue was completely scraped off, and some good skins should be scraped off. The wound was disinfected with 5-10 degrees lime sulfur. Coat treatment: Apply 500 times Fuxing + 200 times the fruit tree penetrant (or 5 to 10 times round rot or farm anti-120 liquid, etc.) coated once a week for a total of three times can be cured. Can also use 3 times concentrated alkaline water coating 3-5 times the effect is obvious.
2. Germination to flower bud germination period (March-April): The main prevention of rot, dry rot, spine rot, powdery mildew, leafhopper, aphid, pinkfly, green-blind, cotton And leaf curlers and so on.
Sprinkle dry sticks on the trees: 40% Fuxing 5000 times + imported chlorpyrifos 1000 times + 200 times penetrating agent (or Qingyuan Bao 600 times ten Mian Jie net 1000 times; or 3-5 Baume degrees lime sulfur + 1500 times Neutral laundry detergent).
Flower red period: spray 1 degree lime sulfur on the tree (8 days before flowering) or 8000 times Fuxing + cotton 1500 times (deadline 3000 times) + wax dead 2000 times + flower 1000 times. In order to improve the fruit setting rate and prevent frost damage during the flowering period, the guardians of flowers and fruits are 600-800 times better.
3, flowering period (from late April to early May, 80%): In order to increase the fruit setting rate during the flowering period, it is forbidden to spray pesticides to facilitate wall bee and bee pollination. In this period, it mainly controls fungal heart disease, bitter pit disease, and fruit shrinkage.
In the initial flowering and end flowering period, it is possible to use 1000 times of seagrass and 1000 times of flowers and fruit plus 1% of sucrose liquid (or 1200 times of calcium borate and 1500 times of calcium borate).
4, after Xiehua to young fruit bagging (mid-May mid-June mid-month): the main control of fruit ringworm disease, anthrax, bitter pit, spotted leaf disease, early defoliation, leaf miner, red and white spider , leaf curl insects and gold moths. After Xie Hua even sprayed the medicine three times.
After the first drug Xiehua 7-10 days: available 75% of the Montsonian water dispersible granules (mite killing) 1000 times + 3% of polyoxo 500 times + Avevi powder 2500 times (or 90% Wanling 3000 times ) +20% dying net 2000 times (or avermectin original powder 5000 times) +1000 times spent fruit guava (or calcium and boron double 1500 times).
The second pass is during the hair removal period (mid-May): 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times + 50% carbendazim 800 times + Adriamycin 3000 times + avermectin original powder 5000 times + speed boron Calcium 2000 times.
Before the third round of drug bagging (in late May): 68.75% Yibao 1500 times + 70% thiophanates 1000 times +90% Wanling 3000 times + moth wax 2,000 times (or avermectin powder 5000 times ) + 1500 times for calcium and boron (or 1,000 times for Huaguobao).
In the middle of May, Peach borer pests were controlled on the ground: phoxim or chlorpyrifos was imported 1500 times under the canopy on the ground in the excavated stage of peach borer.
After the third round of medicine, the fruit can be bagged at intervals of one day. There is no dew in the morning and the bag is put after 3 o'clock in the afternoon to avoid the high temperature at noon.
The bagging end of the orchard can be sprayed: 68.75% esafety 1500 times +25% pentowyl alcohol 3000 times + calcium fertilizer, according to the occurrence of pests, mites, mixed insecticides, acaricides.
5, after the wheat harvest (Spring in late June to stop long-term): the main control of brown spot, early defoliation, borer, leaf miner and other tree spray: 1:2.5:200 times Bordeaux mixture + Avanti eradicate the young pulse 2000 times .
6, the rapid growth of autumn shoots (mid-July mid-term): The main prevention and treatment of spotted leaf disease, spider mites, cotton aphid, leaf miner and other trees can be sprayed: 40% Fuxing 8000 times (or 1200 times) + Avi High powder 2000 times + avermectin original powder 5000 times (or 25% Sanwa Wool 1000 times) + 1000 times fruit tree penetrant.
7, fruit enlargement period (early August): The main prevention and treatment of ringworm disease, spotted defoliation, red and white spiders, borers, leaf miners and other trees can be sprayed: 1:2:200 times Bordeaux mixture +2500 times the wax power Hit +1500 times prey.
8, (in late August): The main prevention and treatment of spotted deciduous disease, brown spot, red and white spiders, carpels, leaf miners, bitter pits and other trees can be sprayed: Yi Bao 1500 times +25% Pow Wow 3,000 times + 90% of all Spirit 3000 times + wax 1500 times (or 25% of Sanken tin 1000 times) + Calcium and boron double 1500 times (or speed boron calcium 2000 times) + penetrant 1000 times.
Alternately use multiple Bordeaux fluids and other systemic fungicide, spray every 15 days or so, control all kinds of diseases, heavier orchard deciduous disease, combined with prevention and treatment of ringworm disease, spray 1500 times or Fuxing 6000 times.
9. After bag removal and before harvesting (mid-October): The main control of fruit ringworm disease, anthrax, red spot disease, black spot disease, bitter pit disease, and apple leaf roller moth can be sprayed on the tree: Shuangjieto 800 Times (or 70% for 800 times or 800 times for Ningnanmycin) + 4.5% for high efficiency cypermethrin vinegar 1000 times + speed 2000 times for borax calcium (or 800 times for quarter red).
VII Fruit orchard pruning technology Green fruit production requires that the pruning should achieve the following indicators: Coverage (the ratio of the canopy projected area to the plant area) is maintained at about 75%, and the projected area under the canopy is about Qiao%; (The sum of annual short, medium, long branches and vegetative branches per mu of orchards is 100,000 to 120,000, and after winter shearing is 70,000 to 90,000; the composition of twigs (the proportion of different types of annual branches) is required. The proportion of medium and short branches accounted for about 90%, among which, one type of short branch accounted for more than 40% of the number of short branches, high-quality flower branch rate accounted for 25%-30%, and flower bud retention amounted to 121,000-15,000 per mu, and flower buds after winter cutting. The ratio of buds to leaves is 1:3-4.
(a) The appropriate tree shape should be selected according to the planting density after the tree is suitable for planting.
1. Sparse crown type: 3 - 3.5 meters high, 0.5 - 0.6 meters high dry, 5 main branches (3 in the first and 2 in the second), and 3 main branches in the first floor There are 2 side branches.
2. Free-spindle shape: The height of the tree is 2.3-3.0 meters, the dry height is 0.5-0.7 meters, and the central stem rises spirally with 10-15 main branches. The length of the main branch is 1.5-2.0 meters, the branching angle is 700-900, and the distance between the main branches in the same direction is not less than 0.5 meters.
3, slender spindle shape: tree height of 2.0 to 3.0 meters, dry height of 0.5 to 0.7 meters, the crown by 1.5 to 2.0 meters, regardless of the level of the central leadership, uniform forces are similar, horizontal, slender side points 15 to 20 sticks.
4, trunk cylindrical: tree height of 2 meters, dry height of 0.3 to 0.4 meters, the crown by 2 meters, no main branch. There are 30 to 35 branch groups with large, medium, and small branches around the center of dry spiral rise. Each result branch group consists of three or more small branch groups.
(b) Pruning
1, sapling period: In addition to the competition branches and branches near the ground, to retain all the branches issued after the dry, the third year of winter cut to remove the plastic with a look at all the excess branches. In the spring, the buds that are difficult to germinate at the back, behind and on both sides of the shoots are wounded. During the winter cut, the first and second years of the year were mainly short and medium branches, and long branches were promoted; the long branches of the two-year-old tree and most of the long branches of the three-year-old tree were slowly placed, and the middle and short branches were promoted. In two or three years, the tree is pulled in the growing season.
2. The early fruit period: to eliminate useless shoots, leggy shoots and slender branches, to cultivate strong fruiting branches with small and medium fruiting branches, adjust the amount of results, and reasonably load. In addition to winter cutting, it is also necessary to strengthen pruning in the growing season through measures such as carving buds, pulling branches, and girdling.
3, fruit period: strong Wang tree, weak tree and strong trees to take the "control", "promotion" and "protection" based pruning measures, so that the tree is stable and robust. Branches are thin and dense, and thin and dense. Between the lines of the crown is maintained at more than 1 meter, the line slightly cross. As a result, the branches, vegetative branches and preparation branches are matched and changed in turn. Adjust the results of the site, control the amount of results, to prevent the phenomenon of "size and size" results.
4, update rejuvenation period: pay attention to all types of perennial branches and branches of the rejuvenation, try to maintain production. In the winter pruning, the pests and branches are cut off and the diseased fruits are removed. Strengthen the growth of apple trees during pruning, open the angle, and promptly remove the erect standing branches, dense branches, and the cut branches at the mouth of the cut tree to increase the ventilation and transmittance of the crown.
5, for the backbone of the branches have crossed the park, take the approach of interlacing the line, remove the three main branches of the base of the tree to be transformed year by year, dry height of about 1 meter, and carry the head down, the whole tree to stay 5-7 main branch . The amount of sticks left in winter is 7 to 90,000 pieces.
6, pruning should pay attention to the Red Fuji, red generals use sparse trim method, do not retreat too quickly; do not use scraping combined with the pruning method.
VIII. Fruit harvesting technology Based on the maturity of fruit, uses and market demand, comprehensively determine the harvesting period. Inconsistent varieties of maturity should be harvested in stages. Harvesting time should not be too early or too late, harvesting affects coloration, quality and flavor too early, and harvesting is too late to be susceptible to freezing injury. Take care when harvesting to prevent crushing, impact, and stab wounds.
Second, the choice of garden
1. The place of production should choose the agricultural production area with good ecological environment, not (or not directly) being contaminated by industrial “three wastes†and agriculture, urban life, and medical waste, and away from cities, highways, airports, stations, docks, etc. Traffic arteries to avoid the pollution of harmful substances.
The base soil has suitable structure, good physical and chemical properties, fertile soil, and organic matter content above 1.0%. Deep soil, living soil layer above 60cm. Groundwater level is less than 1.5 meters. Soils with a pH value of 6.0-7.5, a total of 0.3% or less in light or sandy soils, and agricultural production areas with medium or higher soil fertility, no internal turbulence and no high dryness, and sustainable production capacity.
2. Ambient Air Quality Requirements of Producing Areas Green Food The air quality of the producing areas of apples meets the requirements of GB3095-82. The surrounding ecological conditions are good and away from pollution.
3. Quality requirements for farmland irrigation water in production areas The surface water environmental quality meets the requirements of GB3838-2002, and the production water quality meets the requirements of GB5084-1992. The PH value is between 5.5 and 8.5, and there is no pollution source that poses a threat of pollution to irrigation water or upstream water.
4. Soil environmental quality requirements Soil environmental quality meets the requirements of GB15618. The background value of the soil is normal, there is no heavy metal mine in the place of production, and there is no excessive pesticide residue in the soil.
5. The average annual temperature of climate conditions is 8-14°C, and the absolute low temperature is not lower than -25°C. The average temperature in January is not lower than -10°C. Annual rainfall 300-800mm.
Third, planting technology according to NY/T441-2001 5.1-5.6 implementation, that is, the first site preparation, according to line spacing dig depth of 0.8-1.0 meters wide planting hole, fill a low depth of about 30cm thick crop stalks. The excavated topsoil is mixed with sufficient organic manure, phosphate fertilizer, and potash fertilizer to fill the ditch. After being filled to 20cm below the ground, the water is poured so that the soil is solid, and then covered with a layer of topsoil.
When planting, planting holes 30 cm deep were planted in the planting hole according to the plant spacing. Put the seedlings in the center of the human hole, stretch the root system, and straighten the seedlings. The vertical and horizontal lines will be formed. After the filling is completed, a tree disk with a diameter of 1 meter is to be made around the seedlings, immediately filled with water, and covered with a plastic film after being drenched. Planting time is generally performed in the spring. Depth of planting, the interface of the seedlings of actual seedlings is slightly higher than that of the ground; about half of the length of the intermediate stocks of the dwarfing and semidwarfing interstock stocks is buried underground; the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing of the stocks of the self-rootstocks The interface should be more than l0cm above the ground. Immediately after the spring planting, the seedlings should be planted and dried. Take proper measures to protect the cuts.
IV. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management Technology (I) Soil Management
1, deep turning to improve soil. It is divided into deep hole deepening and deep gardening. Every autumn fruit harvest is combined with autumn base fertilizer. Expanding deep into the hole is to dig an annular groove or radial groove around the trunk. The groove is 60-80 cm wide and 30-40 cm deep. The entire garden was deeply turned, and the soil outside the planting hole was all deep and deep, with a depth of 30-40 cm.
2, covered grass and buried grass. Grass cover is applied after fertilizing irrigation in spring and summer. Covered materials can be wheat straw, wheat bran, corn stover, straw, etc. Generally, the thickness of the grass is 15-20 cm. It is not conducive to moisturizing, heat preservation and elimination of weeds. After the grass is covered, a small amount of soil is pressed to prevent fire and wind from blowing. Each acre can cover 1500-2000 kilograms, evenly covering the surface of all orchards, leaving a distance of 0.5 cm near the trunk. Do not confine the grass to the tree tray because the root system greatly exceeds the edge of the canopy. After a period of 3-4 years, it will be shuffled once and shallowly combined with autumn basal fertilization. The area will not exceed one quarter of the tree plate. It can also be combined with deep-opening furrows to increase soil fertility and water storage capacity.
3, planting green manure and inter-row grass. Intercroppings promote intercropping of green manure crops such as mung bean, foliar caozi, peas, etc., and convert it into apple orchard organic manure through methods such as overturning, covering and smashing. The apple orchards with irrigation conditions promote grass cultivation.
4, cultivator. After the cultivation orchard grows in the growing season with rainfall or irrigation, the soil is ploughed in time to keep the soil loose and weed free, or weeding with herbicides. The cultivator is 5-10 cm deep to facilitate warming.
(B) fruit tree fertilization technology
1, the principle of fertilizing green apple trees:
(1) Combination of land use and land conservation, organic and inorganic combination;
(2) to improve the combination of soil rooting and fertilization;
(3) Formula fertilization, limit the application of chlorinated fertilizers, and disable nitrate-nitrogen fertilizers; (4) Reasonably apply medium and trace element fertilizers.
2, fertilization methods and quantity (1) basal fertilizer. The autumn fruit is harvested and planted, mainly farmyard manure, all annual organic fertilizer (must be fermented and decomposed prior to application), 20% of annual N fertilizer, 20% of P fertilizer, 20% of K fertilizer, and micro fertilizer Fertilizers can be applied together with organic fertilizers (microelement fertilizers can be applied continuously for 2-3 years for one application).
The application amount is calculated based on 1.5-2.0 kg high-quality farmyard manure produced per 1 kilogram of apples. It is recommended to apply 7-9 kilograms of N fertilizer per 1,000 kilograms of apples. The ratio of N, P and K fertilizers is 1.0:0.5:1.1.
The method of application is mainly gully application. The fertilization site is within the canopy projection range. Dig out the radial grooves (beginning at 80-100 cm from the trunk to the outside of the canopy) or dig a circular groove around the circumference of the canopy. -80 cm, fill the water after applying base fertilizer.
(2) Dressing. The soil is topdressed three times a year for the first time before and after germination, with N fertilizer as the main, P fertilizer as the next, 50% of N fertilizer and 30% of P fertilizer in the year, and the second top dressing before flower bud differentiation (at the end of May). The P and K fertilizers were mainly used, and N, P, and K were mixed and applied. The annual N fertilizer was 30%, the P fertilizer was 30%, and the K fertilizer was 40%. The third top-dressing in the fruit expansion period (mid-July) was dominated by K-fertilizer, followed by P-fertilizer, 20% of P-fertilizer throughout the year, and 40% of K-fertilizer.
In addition, fertilizers can be sprayed on the leaves, 4-5 times a year, usually 2 times in the early stage of growth, mainly with nitrogen fertilizer; 2-3 times in the later stage, mainly with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, can be used to supplement the micro- and micro-levels required for the growth and development of fruit trees. element. The last foliar spray should be sprayed 20 days before the fruit harvesting period.
(C) Water Management Irrigation water should meet the requirements of the green food standard. It usually includes four periods such as leafing period, rapid growth period in spring, rapid expansion of fruit, and freezing (frozen water). Loosen the soil immediately after irrigation to facilitate the protection of the soil. Advocate the use of drip irrigation, irrigation, micro-irrigation and other water-saving irrigation measures. When the orchard has accumulated water, it must be drained in time.
Fifth, flower and fruit management techniques (a) pollination using artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve the fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity.
(ii) Thinning and fruit thinning According to the spacing of flower and fruit, thinning and thinning fruit are used. The spacing between flowers and fruits of medium-sized fruit varieties is 15-25 cm. The single fruit is the mainstay, supplemented by leaving double fruits; the fruit and fruit spacing of large fruit varieties is 20-30 cm, leaving fruit . During the period of inflorescence extension until the buds are separated, the excessive and dense thin and thin inflorescences are removed at intervals. The left inflorescence only retains the central flower and 1-2 flowers, and the number of flowers left can be 1-2 times more than the planned amount of flowers. Shuguo is completed within 26 days after flowering, leaving one fruit per fruit stand.
(3) Picking leaves and turning fruit leaves are usually carried out in 2 batches. The first time they are taken about 30 days before picking, the fruit leaves and fruit base branches are removed, and the branches within 5-10 cm of the fruit are properly removed. Basal shading leaves; the second interval of 10 days, cut off the excess crown of the crown of the tree, the crown of the leggy branches and dense new branches, removal of part of the middle and long branches of the lower leaves. Transfer of fruit is generally carried out one week after the first leaf is picked. After the fruit is fully colored on the sunny side, the back of the fruit is turned to the positive side and the fruit is rotated for a quarter of a week for 7 days.
(D) Fruit bagging
1, the choice of paper bag selection of wind and rain, breathable Apple's special paper bags. Red varieties that are more difficult to color (such as Red Fuji) use double-layer bags, and yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color can use single-layer bags.
2, bagging bagging period, early and mid-maturing varieties are about 30 days after flowering, late-maturing, late-maturing varieties are 35-40 days after flowering. Before the bagging, the organic fungicide must be sprayed three times to prevent fruit diseases. After the third pass, the fungicide should be bagged. Prevents the paper bag from getting close to the skin when bagging.
3. The specific period of bag removal should be based on climatic conditions and market demand. Generally red early-maturing and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be carried out about 15 days before appropriate harvest; red and medium-maturing and late-maturing varieties should be carried out 30-35 days before appropriate harvesting.
(5) Spread the silver reflection film to properly pick the leaves before the silver reflective film, so that the ground transmittance of the canopy can reach more than 30%. The fruit bagging tree was carried out after the complete bag removal and the first picking.
VI. Comprehensive Control Techniques for Diseases and Insect Pests of Fruit Trees (I) Principles of Prevention and Control Actively implement the plant protection policy of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€. Based on agricultural and physical control, biological control is advocated. According to the law of occurrence of diseases and insect pests and economic thresholds, scientific use of chemical control techniques is strictly prohibited. The use of highly toxic organic phosphorus and other highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides prohibited by the State is strictly prohibited, and pest and disease control can be effectively controlled.
(b) Agricultural control First, strengthen the management of soil and fertilizer water, rational pruning, increase tree vigor, increase tree resistance, and reduce the number of pests and worms; secondly, strictly regulate thinning, thinning fruit, and fruit bagging to control pests and diseases; Project management, cut off the shoots of pests and diseases, scrape the sickness, tilt the skin, shave the tree disk, catch pests, clean the garden in winter, etc., to reduce or eliminate pests and diseases.
(III) Physical control Based on the biological characteristics of pests, physical measures are adopted to eliminate them on the strong tendency of certain substances or conditions. Insect pheromone is used to seduce or interfere with adult mating, such as the use of sex attractants to kill P. minors, leaf roller moth, and gold thread moth, etc., and light (Jiaduo vibration type insecticidal lamp) is used to seduce and kill various lepidoptera species. Coleoptera adults, trunk Sokcho to kill a variety of fruit tree pests.
(IV) Biological control First, protect and utilize natural enemies of pests. Such as grass ridges, florets, and ladybugs are natural enemies of crickets, aphids, and mussels. Trichogramma can control apple leaf roller moth, pear small spot heartworm, etc. The wood stork is the natural enemies of pear hibiscus, sun worms feed on cotton crickets. The second is the application of biological pesticides, including microbial pesticides, animal pesticides, plant pesticides. After the application of bio-sourced pesticides, there is no pollution and no residue. It is a kind of green pesticide. Such as agricultural resistance 120, polyoxine, 9291, Liuyangmycin, Beauveria bassiana, avermectin, Xiaoyou 3, anti-inhibitory, nicotine, pyrethrum, matrine, etc. Bacterial preparations can effectively control peach borer, 10% polymyxin wettable powder can effectively prevent and cure spotted deciduous disease, mold heart disease; 4% agricultural resist 120 smear 50 times liquid can treat rot disease, Bengbu maimai 3 can prevent gold Moths, 10% Liuyangmycin EC 800 times can prevent leaf aphid, etc.).
(5) Chemical control
1. According to the guidelines for the production of green fruit pesticides: The use of highly toxic, highly toxic, highly residual or carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic pesticides is prohibited; the use of organic synthetic chemical pesticides is restricted; active use of plant, animal, and microbial pesticides Sulfur and copper preparations in mineral-origin pesticides. If the lime sulfur mixture has the functions of bactericidal, insecticidal and acaricidal, Bordeaux mixture can prevent various leaf diseases on fruit trees.
2. Use pesticides safely in accordance with pesticide intervals. The vast majority of pesticide species have a shelf life, and they must be used strictly in accordance with the instructions. At the same time, 2030 days before fruit picking, the use of chemical pesticides is prohibited to ensure that there are no pesticide residues in the fruit, or there is a small amount of residues but not excessive.
3, improve the spraying technology. Pay attention to proper spraying and strictly control the area, frequency, and concentration of pesticide application. According to the law of occurrence of diseases and pests of local fruit trees, combined with the prediction and prediction of pests and diseases, a comprehensive chemical prevention and control program for pests and diseases in orchards should be formulated so that various diseases and insect pests can be treated with the same treatment and no special treatment can be provided. Minimize the application of chemical pesticides.
4. According to the nature of natural enemies, rational selection of pesticide species, application time and application method, protection of natural enemies, and full use of natural enemies' natural control of pests; pay attention to the alternate use of different pesticides and rational use of pesticides to delay the development of pathogens and pests Medicinal, improve control effect.
(6) Major pests and diseases
1, the main diseases: including fruit rot, dry rot, branch ring rot disease, powdery mildew, brown spot, deciduous leaf disease, fruit ringworm disease and anthrax.
2. Main insect pests: including aphids, leafhoppers (hawthorn leaf wax, apple claw wax, and two-leafhopper), leaf roller insects, peach borer, gold-grained moth and apple aphid.
3. The main methods for prevention and cure of fruit tree stem diseases are rot disease, dry rot disease and stem ring rot disease.
(1) Strengthen cultivation management and improve the resistance of trees. Based on the application of organic fertilizer, according to the required fertilizer rules of fruit trees formula fertilization, reasonable pruning and thinning and thinning fruit, so that the tree growth, the results of a roughly balanced, is the main measures to prevent disease.
(2) Drug treatment: Before germination in early spring, the whole garden is sprayed with 3-5 Baume degree lime sulfur + neutral detergent 1500 times; or the whole garden is sprayed with 5000 times Fuxing + 200 times fruit tree penetrant. b Dispose of the disease: curettage: scrape the necrotic tissue thoroughly, scrape off some good skin, and disinfect the wound with 5-10 bymide lime sulfur. Coat treatment: Apply 500 times Fuxing + 200 times the fruit tree penetrant smear, coat once a week for a total of three times can be cured, can also be coated with 3 times concentrated alkaline water 3-5 times the effect is obvious.
(3) Strengthen the prevention of trunk diseases and pests and early defoliation, and it is also an important measure for the occurrence of pre-preserved rot, dry rot and rough dermatosis.
(4) Do a good job in Qingyuan. In winter, fruit trees are pruned to remove dead trees, diseased branches, dead branches, broken piles, etc., concentrated burned or buried (note fire prevention), and can not be discarded in the orchard or near the orchard to reduce the source of germs.
4. The comprehensive prevention and treatment of apple fruit diseases mainly includes ringworm disease, anthrax, brown rot and heart rot.
Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures for fruit diseases: Comprehensive prevention and control based on the disease incidence of fruit diseases.
(1) Elimination of pathogenic origin: Scissor-level vs. upper-rigid fruit, litter-falling leaves, fallen fruit, and concentrated burning or deep-buried (attention to fire prevention) to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria.
(2) Renovation of disease conditions: Strengthen cultivation and management, improve ventilation and light conditions in orchards, reduce orchard humidity, formulate fertilization, timely weeding and drainage after rain, reduce incidence.
(3) Chemical control:
After afforestation and bagging, it can be combined with the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew, brown spot disease, apple leaf roller moth, aphids, aphids, cotton seedlings, leafhoppers, spider mites, bitter pit disease and other comprehensive prevention and control.
The first time the drug is used 7-10 days after the flowers (in early May): 75% of the Montessori (mite killer) 1000 times + 3% of the oxygen 500 times + 25% of the Avevi powder (or 90% of the 3,000 times) ) +20% dying net 2000 times (or avermectin original powder 5000 times) +1000 times spent fruit guava (or calcium and boron double 1500 times).
The second pass of the drug in the hair removal period (mid-May): 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times + 50% carbendazim 800 times + imidacloprid 300 times + avermectin original powder 5000 times + speed borate calcium 2000 Times.
Before the third round of bagging (in late May): 68.75% Yibao 1500 times + 70% Thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold + 90% Wanling 3000-fold + moth alkaloid 2000-fold (or avermectin powder 5000-fold) ) + 1500 times for calcium and boron (or 1,000 times for Huaguobao).
It is prohibited to spray Bordov's liquid during young fruit period.
b After taking the bag, you can spray it once again: 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times, 80% 800 000 times, and quarter-season red 800 times (or 1200 times the speed of boron and calcium) to increase color and prevent disease.
(4) Fruit bagging: Fruit bagging is a key measure for the production of green and high-quality fruit products. It not only promotes fruit coloring, improves fruit surface finish, reduces residues of pulp and pesticide, but also isolates various fruit germs by bagging. The contact of the fruit surface reduces the occurrence of fruit diseases.
(5) For the orchard with severe mycotic disease, spray 5 Xiaomeidu Lithosulfide before germination in early spring, spraying 3% oxygenated oxygen 1000 times before flowering, or 1,000 times beating seawater or 1000 times of Ningnanmycin before flowering. Play a role in disease prevention.
5. The comprehensive prevention of leaf diseases in fruit trees mainly includes brown spot, round spot disease, spotted deciduous disease, gray spot disease and round spot disease.
Leaf disease prevention and control measures: Integrated prevention and control of fruit diseases.
(1) Clean the orchard: In the beginning of winter, clean up the litter, cut off the disease, concentrate burned or buried (note fire prevention). Plowing in winter can also reduce the source of overwintering bacteria.
(2) Strengthen cultivation and management, increase tree vigor to improve disease resistance, and pay attention to drainage in orchards with high soil viscous weight or high groundwater level. At the same time, attention should be paid to plastic pruning to make the trees airy and transparent.
(3) Timely summer cut (dotted leaf disease): In July, the disease was cut off slightly in time to reduce the source of infection.
(4) Chemical control: The key is to master the time of spraying, and start spraying before the onset of illness. In general, spraying in the middle of June (the week before the wheat harvest), mid-July, and mid-August, 3 times during the rainy season and the first time in September.
1:2-3:200 times of Bordeaux mixture and other bactericidal protective agents such as -70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, 68.75% esafety 1500 times, 40% Fuxing Emulsion 8000-10000 times, 75% montsen (Killing Health) 800 times, 25% PWW 3000 times, 80% 800 times mancozeb, 90% BDP 1000 times, 80% new Wansheng 800 times, 1000 times more use of polyoxin.
The above fungicides can be mixed with insecticide and wax killer for comprehensive pest control and wax damage. (such as 35% Ode Teng water dispersible granules 15000 times, hunters 1500 times, peach Xiaojing 2000 times, avermectin original powder 5,000 times, egg wax force 2500 times, mothworm Ling 2000 times etc. Pests, leaf miners, louse, red-and-white spiders, etc.)
(seven) Orchard pest comprehensive control procedures
1. Dormant period (falling to buds from January to February): This period is mainly responsible for the sources of overwintering diseases such as fruit tree rot, dry rot, branch ring rot, spotted defoliation, and spider mites, aphids, and cotton worms. The comprehensive prevention and control of the overwintered mites of the pink leaf mosquito and leafminer.
a thorough clean garden: combined with winter cut, cut off the branches and shoots, remove litter, pests and weeds, scrape the old rough skin, tumors, lesions, etc., concentrated burned or buried (note the fire).
b Scrape and treat rot lesions and beryllitis. Scratching treatment: The diseased necrotic tissue was completely scraped off, and some good skins should be scraped off. The wound was disinfected with 5-10 degrees lime sulfur. Coat treatment: Apply 500 times Fuxing + 200 times the fruit tree penetrant (or 5 to 10 times round rot or farm anti-120 liquid, etc.) coated once a week for a total of three times can be cured. Can also use 3 times concentrated alkaline water coating 3-5 times the effect is obvious.
2. Germination to flower bud germination period (March-April): The main prevention of rot, dry rot, spine rot, powdery mildew, leafhopper, aphid, pinkfly, green-blind, cotton And leaf curlers and so on.
Sprinkle dry sticks on the trees: 40% Fuxing 5000 times + imported chlorpyrifos 1000 times + 200 times penetrating agent (or Qingyuan Bao 600 times ten Mian Jie net 1000 times; or 3-5 Baume degrees lime sulfur + 1500 times Neutral laundry detergent).
Flower red period: spray 1 degree lime sulfur on the tree (8 days before flowering) or 8000 times Fuxing + cotton 1500 times (deadline 3000 times) + wax dead 2000 times + flower 1000 times. In order to improve the fruit setting rate and prevent frost damage during the flowering period, the guardians of flowers and fruits are 600-800 times better.
3, flowering period (from late April to early May, 80%): In order to increase the fruit setting rate during the flowering period, it is forbidden to spray pesticides to facilitate wall bee and bee pollination. In this period, it mainly controls fungal heart disease, bitter pit disease, and fruit shrinkage.
In the initial flowering and end flowering period, it is possible to use 1000 times of seagrass and 1000 times of flowers and fruit plus 1% of sucrose liquid (or 1200 times of calcium borate and 1500 times of calcium borate).
4, after Xiehua to young fruit bagging (mid-May mid-June mid-month): the main control of fruit ringworm disease, anthrax, bitter pit, spotted leaf disease, early defoliation, leaf miner, red and white spider , leaf curl insects and gold moths. After Xie Hua even sprayed the medicine three times.
After the first drug Xiehua 7-10 days: available 75% of the Montsonian water dispersible granules (mite killing) 1000 times + 3% of polyoxo 500 times + Avevi powder 2500 times (or 90% Wanling 3000 times ) +20% dying net 2000 times (or avermectin original powder 5000 times) +1000 times spent fruit guava (or calcium and boron double 1500 times).
The second pass is during the hair removal period (mid-May): 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times + 50% carbendazim 800 times + Adriamycin 3000 times + avermectin original powder 5000 times + speed boron Calcium 2000 times.
Before the third round of drug bagging (in late May): 68.75% Yibao 1500 times + 70% thiophanates 1000 times +90% Wanling 3000 times + moth wax 2,000 times (or avermectin powder 5000 times ) + 1500 times for calcium and boron (or 1,000 times for Huaguobao).
In the middle of May, Peach borer pests were controlled on the ground: phoxim or chlorpyrifos was imported 1500 times under the canopy on the ground in the excavated stage of peach borer.
After the third round of medicine, the fruit can be bagged at intervals of one day. There is no dew in the morning and the bag is put after 3 o'clock in the afternoon to avoid the high temperature at noon.
The bagging end of the orchard can be sprayed: 68.75% esafety 1500 times +25% pentowyl alcohol 3000 times + calcium fertilizer, according to the occurrence of pests, mites, mixed insecticides, acaricides.
5, after the wheat harvest (Spring in late June to stop long-term): the main control of brown spot, early defoliation, borer, leaf miner and other tree spray: 1:2.5:200 times Bordeaux mixture + Avanti eradicate the young pulse 2000 times .
6, the rapid growth of autumn shoots (mid-July mid-term): The main prevention and treatment of spotted leaf disease, spider mites, cotton aphid, leaf miner and other trees can be sprayed: 40% Fuxing 8000 times (or 1200 times) + Avi High powder 2000 times + avermectin original powder 5000 times (or 25% Sanwa Wool 1000 times) + 1000 times fruit tree penetrant.
7, fruit enlargement period (early August): The main prevention and treatment of ringworm disease, spotted defoliation, red and white spiders, borers, leaf miners and other trees can be sprayed: 1:2:200 times Bordeaux mixture +2500 times the wax power Hit +1500 times prey.
8, (in late August): The main prevention and treatment of spotted deciduous disease, brown spot, red and white spiders, carpels, leaf miners, bitter pits and other trees can be sprayed: Yi Bao 1500 times +25% Pow Wow 3,000 times + 90% of all Spirit 3000 times + wax 1500 times (or 25% of Sanken tin 1000 times) + Calcium and boron double 1500 times (or speed boron calcium 2000 times) + penetrant 1000 times.
Alternately use multiple Bordeaux fluids and other systemic fungicide, spray every 15 days or so, control all kinds of diseases, heavier orchard deciduous disease, combined with prevention and treatment of ringworm disease, spray 1500 times or Fuxing 6000 times.
9. After bag removal and before harvesting (mid-October): The main control of fruit ringworm disease, anthrax, red spot disease, black spot disease, bitter pit disease, and apple leaf roller moth can be sprayed on the tree: Shuangjieto 800 Times (or 70% for 800 times or 800 times for Ningnanmycin) + 4.5% for high efficiency cypermethrin vinegar 1000 times + speed 2000 times for borax calcium (or 800 times for quarter red).
VII Fruit orchard pruning technology Green fruit production requires that the pruning should achieve the following indicators: Coverage (the ratio of the canopy projected area to the plant area) is maintained at about 75%, and the projected area under the canopy is about Qiao%; (The sum of annual short, medium, long branches and vegetative branches per mu of orchards is 100,000 to 120,000, and after winter shearing is 70,000 to 90,000; the composition of twigs (the proportion of different types of annual branches) is required. The proportion of medium and short branches accounted for about 90%, among which, one type of short branch accounted for more than 40% of the number of short branches, high-quality flower branch rate accounted for 25%-30%, and flower bud retention amounted to 121,000-15,000 per mu, and flower buds after winter cutting. The ratio of buds to leaves is 1:3-4.
(a) The appropriate tree shape should be selected according to the planting density after the tree is suitable for planting.
1. Sparse crown type: 3 - 3.5 meters high, 0.5 - 0.6 meters high dry, 5 main branches (3 in the first and 2 in the second), and 3 main branches in the first floor There are 2 side branches.
2. Free-spindle shape: The height of the tree is 2.3-3.0 meters, the dry height is 0.5-0.7 meters, and the central stem rises spirally with 10-15 main branches. The length of the main branch is 1.5-2.0 meters, the branching angle is 700-900, and the distance between the main branches in the same direction is not less than 0.5 meters.
3, slender spindle shape: tree height of 2.0 to 3.0 meters, dry height of 0.5 to 0.7 meters, the crown by 1.5 to 2.0 meters, regardless of the level of the central leadership, uniform forces are similar, horizontal, slender side points 15 to 20 sticks.
4, trunk cylindrical: tree height of 2 meters, dry height of 0.3 to 0.4 meters, the crown by 2 meters, no main branch. There are 30 to 35 branch groups with large, medium, and small branches around the center of dry spiral rise. Each result branch group consists of three or more small branch groups.
(b) Pruning
1, sapling period: In addition to the competition branches and branches near the ground, to retain all the branches issued after the dry, the third year of winter cut to remove the plastic with a look at all the excess branches. In the spring, the buds that are difficult to germinate at the back, behind and on both sides of the shoots are wounded. During the winter cut, the first and second years of the year were mainly short and medium branches, and long branches were promoted; the long branches of the two-year-old tree and most of the long branches of the three-year-old tree were slowly placed, and the middle and short branches were promoted. In two or three years, the tree is pulled in the growing season.
2. The early fruit period: to eliminate useless shoots, leggy shoots and slender branches, to cultivate strong fruiting branches with small and medium fruiting branches, adjust the amount of results, and reasonably load. In addition to winter cutting, it is also necessary to strengthen pruning in the growing season through measures such as carving buds, pulling branches, and girdling.
3, fruit period: strong Wang tree, weak tree and strong trees to take the "control", "promotion" and "protection" based pruning measures, so that the tree is stable and robust. Branches are thin and dense, and thin and dense. Between the lines of the crown is maintained at more than 1 meter, the line slightly cross. As a result, the branches, vegetative branches and preparation branches are matched and changed in turn. Adjust the results of the site, control the amount of results, to prevent the phenomenon of "size and size" results.
4, update rejuvenation period: pay attention to all types of perennial branches and branches of the rejuvenation, try to maintain production. In the winter pruning, the pests and branches are cut off and the diseased fruits are removed. Strengthen the growth of apple trees during pruning, open the angle, and promptly remove the erect standing branches, dense branches, and the cut branches at the mouth of the cut tree to increase the ventilation and transmittance of the crown.
5, for the backbone of the branches have crossed the park, take the approach of interlacing the line, remove the three main branches of the base of the tree to be transformed year by year, dry height of about 1 meter, and carry the head down, the whole tree to stay 5-7 main branch . The amount of sticks left in winter is 7 to 90,000 pieces.
6, pruning should pay attention to the Red Fuji, red generals use sparse trim method, do not retreat too quickly; do not use scraping combined with the pruning method.
VIII. Fruit harvesting technology Based on the maturity of fruit, uses and market demand, comprehensively determine the harvesting period. Inconsistent varieties of maturity should be harvested in stages. Harvesting time should not be too early or too late, harvesting affects coloration, quality and flavor too early, and harvesting is too late to be susceptible to freezing injury. Take care when harvesting to prevent crushing, impact, and stab wounds.
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